tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75396477784830484922024-02-08T10:12:54.348-08:00Juragan MakalahJuragannya Makalah BerkualitasJuragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.comBlogger102125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-18446006997076957462020-11-07T04:30:00.003-08:002020-11-07T04:30:21.189-08:00KHUTBAH JUM'AT KEWAJIBAN MENDIDIK ANAK<p style="text-align: center;"> <b style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kewajiban Mendidik Anak</span></b></p><p><b style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></b></p>
<p class="arab" dir="RTL" style="background: white; direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">إِنّ الْحَمْدَ ِللهِ نَحْمَدُهُ وَنَسْتَعِيْنُهُ
وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنْ شُرُوْرِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَسَيّئَاتِ
أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللهُ فَلاَ مُضِلّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ
هَادِيَ لَهُ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلهَ إِلاّ اللهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنّ مُحَمّدًا
عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُوْلُهُاَللهُمّ صَلّ وَسَلّمْ عَلى مُحَمّدٍ وَعَلى آلِهِ
وِأَصْحَابِهِ وَمَنْ تَبِعَهُمْ بِإِحْسَانٍ إِلَى يَوْمِ الدّيْن</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="arab" dir="RTL" style="background: white; direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">يَاأَيّهَا النَاسُ اتّقُوْا رَبّكُمُ الّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ
مِنْ نَفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا وَبَثّ مِنْهُمَا رِجَالاً
كَثِيْرًا وَنِسَاءً وَاتّقُوا اللهَ الَذِي تَسَاءَلُوْنَ بِهِ وَاْلأَرْحَام َ
إِنّ اللهَ كَانَ عَلَيْكُمْ رَقِيْبًا</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="LTR"></span>,</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">يَاأَيّهَا الّذِيْنَ آمَنُوْا
اتّقُوا اللهَ وَقُوْلُوْا قَوْلاً سَدِيْدًا يُصْلِحْ لَكُمْ أَعْمَالَكُمْ
وَيَغْفِرْلَكُمْ ذُنُوْبَكُمْ وَمَنْ يُطِعِ اللهَ وَرَسُوْلَهُ فَقَدْ فَازَ
فَوْزًا عَظِيْمًا،يَاأَيّهَا الّذَيْنَ آمَنُوْا اتّقُوا اللهَ حَقّ تُقَاتِهِ
وَلاَ تَمُوْتُنّ إِلاّ وَأَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُوْنَ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="LTR"></span>,</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="RTL"></span> أَمّا بَعْدُ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="arab" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin
</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jum’at rahimakumullah,</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pertama-tama
Saya berwasiat kepada dirisaya pribadi dan juga kepada jamaah sekalian, Marilah
kita selalu memelihara ketaqwaan kepada Allah <i>Ta’ala</i>, dengan jalan
melaksanakan perintahnya dan menjauhi segala larangannya, serta senantiasa
berusaha meningkatkan ketaqwaan kepada Allah. Dan marilah kita senantiasa
bersyukur atas segala karunia dan pertolongan Allah sehingga kita mampu
melaksanakan ibadah sholat jum’at dimasjid yang InsyaAllah penuh berkah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="arab" style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jum’at rahimakumullah,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Anak merupakan amanah dari Allah
SWT yang harus mendapatkan perhatian dari orang tuan secara serius, terutama
dalam hal pendidikan mereka, agar kelak menjadi anak shaleh dan
shalehah.Marilah kita tanamkan nilai-nilai agama dan budi pekerti yang luhur
sedini mungkin agar mereka menjadi generasi yang berkualitas dan berakhlak
mulia yang sanggup mengatasi tantangan kehidupan dizamannya, karena mereka akan
hidup disuatu zaman yang berbeda dengan zaman kita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jum’at rahimakumullah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Saat ini kita perlu merasa
perihatin dengan munculnya berbagai kasus yang menimpa generasi muda ditanah
air kita, dimana pada usia yang masih belia, bahkan masih dalam kategori
anak-anak, telah terjadi perilaku-perilaku yang tidak lagi bisa dikatagorikan
sebagai bentuk “kenakalan” pada umumnya, melainkan sudah menjerumus pada
prilaku kriminal. Padahal kita tahu bahwa mereka adalah generasi yang akan
meneruskan perjuangan kita; generasi yang akan menjadi bagian dari tanah air Indonesia
di massa yang datang.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Marilah kita kembali kepada konsep
ajaran agama Islam yang memandang anak sebagai amanah atau titipan Allah yang
harus dijaga dan diperhatikan dengan sungguh-sungguh, khususnya dalam hal
pendidikan dan juga mengenai hal yang lainnya. Memang di zaman sekarang
tantangan yang dihadapi begitu besar dan berat. Banyak godaan datang silih
berganti dan jika lengah sedikit saja bisa jadi langsung termakan oleh godaan
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jum’at rahimakumullah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam kaitannya
dengan pendidikan anak-anak atau putra-putri Islam, para ulama menyatakan bahwa
kewajiban pertama kali bagi setaip orang tua adalah menanamkan akidah dan
tauhid. Maka langkah pertama kali bagi orang tua yang merupakan kewajibannya
sebagai adalah menegenalkan mereka kepada Allah SWT, sebagai Tuhannya, serta
mengajarkan mereka tentang nilai-nilai ketuhanan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dan juga
pendidikan yang harus sejak dini di tanamkan kepada anak adalah kesadaran akan
kewajiban kepada Allah Swt. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rasulullah SAW bersabda:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p dir="RTL" style="background: white; direction: rtl; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 130%; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">مُرُوْا
أوْلَادَكُمْ بِالصَّلاَةِ وَهُمْ أبْنَاءُ سَبْعِ سِنِيْنَ وَأضْرِبُوْهُمْ
عَلَيْهَا وَهُمْ أبْنَاءُ عَشْرٍ وَفَرِّقُوْا بَيْنَهُمْ فِي الْمَضَاجِعِ. رواه
الحَاكِمْ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 130%; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Artinya:
“Suruhlah anak-anakmu untuk mengerjakan shalat jika mereka sudah berusia tujuh
tahun. Dan jiak mereka sudah berusia sepuluh tahun, maka pukullah (dengan
pukulan yang tidak membahayakn) jika tidak mau melaksanakannya. Kemudian
pisahkanlah tempat tidur mereka.” (HR al-Hakim)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jum’at rahimakumullah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memeperhatikan hadits tersebut di atas jelaslah bagi kita
tentang tanggung jawab orang tua terhadap anaknya yaitu mengenai
kewajiban-kewajiban anak. Ketika anak-anak telah mencapai usia tujuh tahun, di
mana anak-anak sudah memasuki usia tamyiz (sudah berakal atau dapat berfikir)
orang tua sudah harus memerintahkan anak melaksanakan kewajiban kepada Allah
SWT, yaitu shalat. Berarti pula bahwa sebelum menginjak usia tersebut kita
sebagai orang tua dituntut untuk mengajarkan segala hal yang berkaitan dengan
kewajiaban sholat, separti tata cara berwudlu, mengenai najis dan hadats, dan
lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hal yang tak kalah pentingnya dalam pendidikan anak, adalah
keteladanan yang baik dari orang tua dan lingkungan sekitarnya, mengingat
kondisi anak-anak yang cenderung ingin meniru setiap perilaku yang terlihat di
dalam lingkungannya. Sementara ia belum mengerti tentang baik dan buruk, belum
memahami bahaya yang akan menjerumuskan ke dalam jurang kenistaan. Maka
perhatian orang tua, sebagai orang yang paling dekat dengan anak-anak haruslah
selalu memperhatikan aspek norma sosial dan norma agama.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jum’at rahimakumullah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Memperhatikan sekilas gambaran
diatas, sebagai orang tua, kita harus sadar bahwa betapa besar tanggung jawab
kita dalam mengemban amanah yang berupaanak tersebut. Maka sangat disayangkan
jika terjadi salah asuh, sehingga tumbuh menjadi generasi yang bukan lagi
harapan, namun malah menjadi beban.</span><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yang justeru menjerumuskan
orang tuanya kedalam neraka. Padahal Allah memerintahkan kepada kita untuk
meyelamatkan diri kita dan keluarga kita dari api neraka, sebagaimana firman
Allah :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: #FFFEFC; color: #040402; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">يَا
أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا
النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ عَلَيْهَا مَلَائِكَةٌ غِلَاظٌ شِدَادٌ لَا يَعْصُونَ
اللَّهَ مَا أَمَرَهُمْ وَيَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FFFEFC; color: #040402; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Terjemahnya:
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, peliharalah dirimu dan keluargamu dari api neraka
yang bahan bakarnya adalah manusia dan batu; penjaganya malaikat-malaikat yang
kasar, keras, dan tidak mendurhakai Allâh terhadap apa yang diperintahkan-Nya
kepada mereka dan selalu mengerjakan apa yang diperintahkan. (at-Tahrîm/66:6)</span><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ma’asyiral-Muslimin </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jum’at rahimakumullah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Lantas
bagaimana jika orangtua tidak mampu mengajarkan dan mendidik agama terhadap
ana-anaknya? Padahal anak adalah amanah yang akan dipertanggungjawabkan kelak
dihadapan Allah. Sudah barang tentu kita akan di azab karena tidak mampu memertanggungjawabkan
dengan baik amanah yang telah diberikan kepada kita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maka
dari itu jika kita sebagai orang tua tidak mampu mendidik sendiri perihal
masalah agama terhadap anak-anak kita, hendaklah kita sebagai orang tua
menitipkan kesekolah atau menyekolahkan kesekolah-sekolah yang menjajarkan agama
seperti pesantren, sekolah islam atau madrasah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Seperti madrasah ibtidaiyah Roudhotul Ulum yang
telah kita miliki, yang bertujuan untuk memdidik anak-anak tidak hanya cerdas
tentang ilmu-ilmu umum tetapi juga paham terhadap ilmu-ilmu agama sehingga
kelak menjadi anak yang sholeh-sholehah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Karena Pendidikan pada madrasah selain anak-anak
diajarkan ilmu-ilmu umum sebagaimana sekolah pada umumnya, juga diajarkan ilmu
agama seperti aqidah dan ketauhidan, akhlaq atau adap dan etika, fiqih yakni
tata cara pelaksanaan ibadah dan lain sebagianya. Sehingga isyaAllah akan
meringankan pertanggungjawaban orangtua dihadapan Allah SWT dalam
mempertanggungjawabkan amanah berupa anak yang telah diberikan oleh Allah SWT
kepada kita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">عَنْ
أَبِى هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قاَلَ:
اِذَامَاتَ اْلاِنْسَانُ اِنْقَطَعَ عَنْهُ عَمَلُهُ اِلاَّ مَنْ ثَلاَثٍ اِلاَّ
مِنْ صَدَقَةٍ جَارِيَةٍ اَوْ عِلْمٍ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهِ اَوْوَلَدٍ صَاِلحٍ
يَدْعُوْلَهُ. رواه مسلم</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="color: #212121; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Artinya:
Dari Abu Hurairah RA, bahwa Rasulullah SAW Bersabda: “Ketika anak adam
meninggal, maka terputuslah pahala amalnya kecuali tiga hal, yakni sedekah
jariyah, ilmu yang bermanfaat, dan anak shaleh yang mendoakan kepadanya.” (HR
Muslim).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 130%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #212121; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Semoga Allah SWT menganugerahi
kita keturunan dan generasi yang sholeh dan sholehah, serta menganugerahkan
rahmat dan petunjukNya kepada kita untuk dapat mencapai kedamaian, dan
kebahagiaan hidup baik didunia maupun di akhirat. Amin ya Rabbal ‘Alamin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #313030; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">بَارَكَ
اللهُ لِيْ وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقُرْآنِ الْعَظِيْمِ, وَنَفَعَنِيْ وَإِيَّاكُمْ بِمَا
فِيْهِ مِنَ الآيَاتِ وَالذِّكْرِ الْحَكِيْمِ, وَتَقَبَّلَ مِنِّيْ وَمِنْكُمْ
تِلاَوَتَهُ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيْعُ الْعَلِيْمُ. أَقُوْلُ قَوْلِيْ هَذَا
وَاسْتَغْفِرُ<a name="_GoBack"></a> اللهَ الْعَظِيْمَ </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">لِيْ وَلَكُمْ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"> وَلِسَائِرِ المُسْلِمِيْنَ
وَالمُسْلِمَاتِ<span style="background: white;"> فَاسْتَغْفِرُوْهُ، إِنَّهُ هُوَ
الْغَفُوْرُ الرَّحِيْمُ</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-31534926442450738152016-02-01T16:30:00.001-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.377-08:00Kisah-Kisah Dalam Al-Qur'an Sebagai Sarana Dakwah Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Kisah-Kisah Dlam Al-Qur'an Sebagai Sarana Dakwah Islam</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Qur’an
merupakan <i>kalam Allah </i>sebagai pedoman seluruh umat Islam yang memiliki
mukjizat paling besar. Untuk mengetahui kandungan al-Qur’an itu diperlukan
suatu metode keilmuan yang dikenal dengan nama Ulumul Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Az-Zarqani, Ulumul Qur’an ialah studi yang membahas tentang segala sesuatu yang
berhubungan dengan al-Qur’an, baik dilihat dari segi turunnya, kemujizatannya,
penolakan hal-hal yang menimbulkan keraguan terhadap al-Qur’an dan sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu peristiwa yang berhubungan
dengan sebab dan akibat dapat menarik perhatian para pendengar. Apabila dalam
peristiwa itu terselip pesan dan pelajaran mengenai berita-berita bangsa
terdahulu, rasa ingin tahu merupakan faktor paling penting yang dapat
menanamkan kesan peristiwa tersebut kedalam hati dan pada gilirannya akan
terpengaruh dengan nasihat dan pelajaran yang terkandung didalamnya.
Kesusastraan kisah dewasa ini telah menjadi seni yang khas di antara seni-seni
bahasa dan kesusastraan. Dan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kisah yang
benar</i>” telah menggambarkannya dalam bentuk yang paling tinggi, yaitu
kisah-kisah Qur’an.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US">Rosihon Anwar dalam bukunya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Tafsir</i>”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengemukakan bahwa al-Qur’an merupakan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kalam</span>
Allah Swt yang berisi petunjuk bagi manusia. Ajaran-ajarannya disampaikan
secara variatif serta dikemas sedemikian rupa. Ada yang berisi informasi,
perintah dan larangan, ada juga yang dimodifikasi dalam bentuk diskriftif
kisah-kisah yang <br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a>mengandung <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pelajaran
atau petunjuk<i> </i></span>yang dikenal dengan kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur’an.
Tuntunan dalam al-Qur’an adakalanya disampaikan melalui kisah-kisah dengan
tujuan untuk menjelaskan bantahan terhadap kepercayaan-kepercayaan yang salah
dan bantahan terhadap setiap bujukan untuk berbuat ingkar, serta menerangkan
prinsip-prinsip Islamiyah dalam berdakwah.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudah
menjadi ketentuan, bahwa manusia merupakan makhluk ciptaan Allah Swt mempunyai
banyak keunikan, salah satu keunikannya adalah suka mendengar dan mempelajari
cerita. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena kisah dapat menarik perhatian apabila di
dalamnya terselip pesan-pesan dan pelajaran yang dapat menanamkan kesan rasa
ingin tahu tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi. Nasehat atau
pelajaran yang disampaikan tanpa variasi, walau dengan tutur kata yang indah,
belum tentu dapat menarik perhatian akal, bahkan isinya pun belum tentu dapat
dipahami. Akan tetapi bila nasehat itu dituangkan dalam bentuk kisah yang
menggambarkan peristiwa dalam realita kehidupan, maka akan terwujudlah dengan
jelas tujuannya. Sehingga akan merasa senang mendengarkan, memperhatikannya
dengan penuh kerinduan dan rasa ingin tahu, dan pada gilirannya ia akan
terpengaruh akan nasehat dan pelajaran yang terkandung di dalammya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dikemukakan
oleh Manna Khalil al-Kattan bahwa kesusasteraan kisah dewasa ini telah menjadi
seni yang khas diantara seni-seni bahasa dan kesusasteraan. Kisah yang benar
telah membuktikan kondisi ini dalam <i>U</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ṣ</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lub Arabi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> secara
jelas dan menggambarkannya dalam bentuk yang paling tinggi, yaitu kisah-kisah al-Qur’an.
Kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur’an tentu saja berbeda dengan cerita atau dongeng
lainnya, karena mempunyai karakteristik di dalamnya. Dalam al-Qur’an kisah merupakan
petikan-petikan dari sejarah sebagai pelajaran bagi umat manusia yang
senantiasa dapat menarik manfaat dari peristiwa-peristiwa itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
eksplisit al-Qur’an berbicara tentang pentingnya sejarah, hal tersebut tertera
dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ali Imran</i> (3):140
berbunyi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إِنْ يَمْسَسْكُمْ قَرْحٌ فَقَدْ مَسَّ الْقَوْمَ قَرْحٌ مِثْلُهُ وَتِلْكَ
الأيَّامُ نُدَاوِلُهَا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya:<i> Dan kamu (pada
perang uhud) terkena luka, Maka kaum lainpun (kafir)</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>kena
luka pula seperti itu. Dan hari (kejayanan dan kekalahan) itu akan datang silih
berganti</i>. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara garis besar makalah ini akan
menjelaskan tentang pengertian kisah al-Qur’an, macam-macam kisah al-Qur’an,
faedah dari kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur’an dan pengaruh kisah al-Qur’an dalam
pendidikan dan pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang dimaksud dengan kisah (Qashash) al-Qur’an</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa saja macam-macam kisah (Qashash) al-Qur’an</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa tujuan dari kisah (Qashash) al-Qur’an</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa saja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengaruh
kisah (Qashash) al-Qur’an dalam pendidikan dan pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan dan
Kegunaan Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui pengertian dari kisah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Qashash)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui macam-macam kisah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Qashash)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apa saja
faedah kisah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Qashash)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l-Qur’an.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntuk
mengetahui pengaruh kisah (Qashash)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> al-Qur’an dalam pendidikan dan pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 14.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan
Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm 63.8pt 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi penulisan khususnya dalam dunia
dakwah dan pendidikan Islam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
melengkapi tugas Studi Qur’an di Kampus IAIN Samarinda Tahun 2016.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Kisah Dalam al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata kisah diambil dari
akar bahasa Arab; <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>قص، يقص، قصا صا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(qashsha, yaqushshu, qashsha,
shan), </span></i>berarti menceritakan kabar kepadanya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau bermakna pokok menunjukkan
untuk mengikuti sesuatu yang dikisahkan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tau berarti dengan (menceritakan).
Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia qashash menjadi kisah diartikan dengan cerita
tentang kejadian (riwayat) kehidupan seseorang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kamus Bahasa Indonesia, kisah
diterjemahkan dengan cerita, kejadian (riwayat) sejarah dan sebagainya. Cerita
tuturan yang membentangkan bagaimana terjadinya suatu hal (peristiwa), kejadian
dan sebagainya). Sejarah adalah kejadian dan peristiwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ang benar-benar terjadi pada masa
lampau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperhatikan
pengertian di atas, nampaknya <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">antara kisah
dengan sejarah adalah identik, karena menyangkut dengan sifat fakta yang telah
terjadi masa lampau.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam al-Qur'an Allah Swt menampilkan beraneka ragam
kisah. Dari bentuk (shighat) yang berakar dari </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">qasha,
yaqashu dan qishashan </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">berjumlah 30
kali dalam berbagai surat dan ayat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
bukan kalimat secara langsung kata yang berakar dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qassha</i>, tetapi ayat tersebut menceritakan peristiwa tersebut secara
langsung terdapat dalam al-Qur'an sebanyak 15 kali., Makkiyah 11 surah dan
Madaniyah 4 surah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperhatikan
ayat-ayat yang berhubungan dengan kisah, nampaknya al-Qur'an mengungkapkan
tentang: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i>, peristiwa-peristiwa
sejarah yang terjadi dengan menyebutkan pelaku-pelaku dan tempat terjadinya. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i>, peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan
masih dapat terulang kejadiannya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ketiga</i>,
peristiwa simbolis yang tidak menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi
namun dapat saja terjadi sewaktu-waktu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan demikian kisah memberi faedah
terutama dalam menjelaskan Islam kepada masyarakat, seperti diungkap oleh Hasbi
Ash-Shiddiqi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran yang tinggi yang menjadi cermin perbandingan
bagi segala ummat. Di dalamnya kita dapati akibat kesabaran. Sebagaimana
sebaliknya kita dapati akibat keingkaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengokohkan Muhammad, membuktikan kebenarannya. Muhammad adalah seorang
ummy dan yang hidup dalam masyarakat yang ummy. Maka bagaimana ia dapat
meriwayatkan sejarah-sejarah yang penting kalau bukan yang demikian itu dari
wahyu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Memberi petunjuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kepada<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>penyeru,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jalan jalan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yang harus mereka
turuti dalam melaksanakan seruan dalam menghadapi kaum-kaum yang ingkar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Menerangkan betapa kesungguhan dan ketelitian ulul 'azmi
dalam memberikan petunjuk kepada manusia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada sisi lain Masyfuk Zuhdi memberikan gambaran tentang
manfaat kisah yang terkandung dalam al-Qur'an sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai pelajaran bagi manusia sekarang ( umat Muhammad ) tentang
bagaimana nasib manusia yang ingkar dalam melawan Allah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai hiburan bagi Nabi Muhammad clan umat Islam pada
permulaan Islam, agar Nabi sahabat-sahabatnya tetap berteguh hati, tidak
berkecil hati dalam menghadapi segala hambatan dan tantangan di dalam
menjalankan dakwah Islamiyah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">atau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">misinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Manna Khalil al-Qattan mengemukakan bahwa kisah merupakan
metode yang digunakan bagi juru dakwah dan pendidik. Karena mereka tertarik
mendengar atau membaca suatu kisah yang tanpa disadarinya mereka telah menerima
pesan berupa nasehat, petunjuk, pengajaran dan sebagainya dari kisah tersebut.
Terutama dapat membekali audiensnya tentang peri kehidupan Nabi, berita-berita
tentang umat dahulu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; line-height: 150%;">Kisah yang baik dan
cermat akan digemari dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>akan
menebus relung jiwa manusia dengan mudah. Kisah yang terdapat dalam al-Qur'an
tidak membosankan dan jemu sedangkan kisah diluar al-Qur'an sering membuat para
pendengar bosan mendengar atau membadanya. Kisah yang terdapat dalam al-Qur'an
merupakan bahan yang subur bagi da'i dalam membantu kesuksesan dalam
melaksanakan tugasnya dan membekali diri mereka dengan petunjuk para Nabi atau
Rasul, berita- berita umat terdahulu dan hal ikhwat tentang bangsa-bangsa
sebelumnya. Semestinya para da'i mampu menyuguhkan kisah-kisah qur'ani dengan
uslub bahasa yang sesuai dengan tingkat nalar para audience. Penggunaan metode
kisah dalam berdakwah memegang peranan penting, karena kisah salah satu cara
untuk memusatkan perhatian para pendengar terutama dalam ceramah yang memakai
waktu panjang. Dengan demikian penanaman akidah kepada pendengar yang paling
utuh adalah dengan pendekatan metode kisah yang terdapat dalam al-Qur'an.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara etimologi Qashash (</span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قصص</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) merupakan
bentuk jamak dari kata (</span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قصة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
yang berarti berita, kisah, perkara dan keadaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai
firman Allah Swt:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">إِنَّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<span dir="RTL">هَٰذَا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">لَهُوَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">الْقَصَصُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">الْحَقُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>ۚ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">وَمَا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">مِنْ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">إِلَٰهٍ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">إِلَّا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">اللَّهُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">وَإِنَّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">اللَّهَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">لَهُوَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">الْعَزِيزُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">الْحَكِيمُ</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya: <i>"Sesungguhnya
ini adalah kisah-kisah yang benar."</i><span style="color: blue;"> </span>(QS.
Ali Imran: 62).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Juga berarti
mengikuti jejak.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai
firman Allah Swt:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">قَالَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">ذَلِكَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">مَا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">كُنَّا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">نَبْغِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">فَارْتَدَّا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">عَلَى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">آثَارِهِمَا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL">قَصَصًا</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya: <i>"Lalu
keduanya mengikuti kembali jejak mereka sendiri.</i>"(QS. Al-Kahfi: 64). </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Qur’an telah menyebutkan kata
kisah dalam beberapa konteks, pemakian dan tashrif konjugasinya dalam
bentuk fi’il madhi, fi’il mudhari’, fi’il amr dan mashdar.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Secara terminologi, Qashash al-Qur'an adalah kisah-kisah di dalam al-Qur'an
yang menceritakan keadaan umat-umat terdahulu dan Nabi-Nabi mereka serta
peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi masa lampau, masa sekarang dan masa yang akan
datang.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan Mana' al-Qathan mendefinisikan Qashash al-Qur'an adalah pemberitaan al-Qur’an
tentang hal-ihwal umat yang telah lalu, kenabian yang terdahulu dan
peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Macam-Macam
Kisah Dalam al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l-Qur’an banyak di kisahkan beberapa peristiwa yang pernah
terjadi dalam sejarah. Dari al-Qur’an dapat diketahui beberapa kisah yang
pernah dialami orang-orang jauh sebelum kita sejak Nabi Adam seperti kisah para
Nabi dan kaumnya. Kisah Yahudi, Nasrani, Majuzi, dan lain sebagainya. Selain
itu Al-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">q</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ur’an
juga menceritakan beberapa peristiwa yang terjadi di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aman Rasulullah Saw. Seperti kisah
peperangan (Badar, Uhud, Hunain) dan perdamaian (Hudaibiyah) dan lain
sebagainya. Kisah-kisah dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l-Qur’an dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa macam diantanya
yaitu:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari segi
waktu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditinjau dari segi waktu kisah dalam
al-Qur’an ada tiga, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah hal
ghaib yang terjadi di masa lalu. Contohnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kisah tentang dialog malaikat
dengan tuhannya mengenai penciptaan khalifah bumi sebagaimana di jelaskan dalam
(QS. Al-Baqarah: 30-34).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang penciptaan alam semesta sebagaimana</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang diungkapkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam (QS. Al-Furqan: 59, Qaf: 38).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang penciptaan nabi adam
dan kehidupanya ketika di surga sebagaimana terdapat dalam (QS. Al-a’raf:
11-25)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kisah
hal gaib yang terjadi pada masa kini.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Contohnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang turunya
malaikat-malaikat pada malam Lailatul Qadar seperti diungkapkan dalam (QS.
Al-Qadar: 1-5).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang kehidupan
makhluk-makhluk gaib seperti setan, jin, atau iblis seperti diungkapkan dalam
(QS. Al-A’raf: 13-14)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah ghaib yang terjadi pada masa yang akan
dating. Contohnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang akan datangnya har</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i kiamat seperti yang diungkapkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> al-Qur’an sura</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al-Qari’ah,
sura</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> al-Zalzalah, dan lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 78.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 7.1pt 35.45pt 2.0cm 389.85pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang kehidupan orang-orang di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">surga dan di neraka seperti di ungkapkan dalam al-Qur’an sura</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> al-Ghasyiah dan lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 7.1pt 35.45pt 2.0cm 389.85pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari Segi Materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ditinjau dari segi materi, kisah-kisah
(Qashash) dalam al-Qur’an ada tiga diantaranya yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah-kisah
para nabi terdahulu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian ini
berisikan seruan dan ajakan para nabi kepada kaumnya, mukjizat-mukjizat dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Allah Swt</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang memperkuat dakwah
mereka, sikap orang-orang yang memusuhinya, serta tahapan-tahapan dakwah
perkembangannya, dan akibat yang menimpa orang beriman dan orang yang
mendustakan para nabi. Contohnya:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Adam (QS.Al-Baqarah:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30-39.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-Araf: 11 dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lainnya)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Nuh (QS.Hud : 25-49)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi Hud (QS. Al-A’Raf: 65, 72, 50, 58)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Idris (QS.Maryam: 56-57, Al-Anbiya: 85-86)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Yunus (QS.Yunus: 98, Al-An’am: 86-87)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Luth (QS.Hud: 69-83)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi Musa (QS.Al-Baqarah: 49,61, Al-A’raf: 103-157) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Harun (QS.An-Nisa: 163)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi Daud (QS.Saba: 10, Al-Anbiya: 78)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Sulaiman (QS.An-Naml : 15, 44, Saba: 12-14)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Ayub (QS. Al-An ‘am: 34, Al-Anbiya: 83-84)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi Ibrahim (QS.Al-Baqarah: 124, 132, Al-An’am:
74-83).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Ismail (QS.Al-An’am: 86-87)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Ishaq (QS.Al-Baqarah: 133-136)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Ya’qub (QS.Al-Baqarah: 132-140)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">p.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Yusuf (QS.Yusuf: 3-102)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">q.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Yahya (QS.Al-An’am: 85)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Zakaria (QS.Maryam: 2-15)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">s.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Isa (QS.Al-Maidah: 110-120)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">t.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah Nabi
Muhammad (QS.At-Takwir: 22-24, At-Taubah: 43-57</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah-kisah para Nabi tersebut menjadi
informasi yang sangat berguna bagi upaya meyakini para Nabi dan Rasul Allah. Keimanan
pada para Nabi dan Rasul merupakan suatu keharusan bagi umat Islam yang harus
ditamamkan semenjak usia dini. Tanpa adanya keyakinan ini, seseorang tidak akan
bisa membenarkan wahyu Allah Swt yang terdapat dalam kitab Allah Swt yang
berisi berbagai macam perintah maupun larangan-Nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jika seorang telah memiliki kemantapan
dalam mengimani para Nabi dan Rasul, mereka akan dibawa dalam suatu keyakinan
yang sama-sama diimani semua Nabi, yakni keesaan Allah Swt. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah Nabi juga bisa dijadikan teladan bagi
kehidupan seseorang. Keteladanan diperlukan agar seseorang memiliki sosok yang
bisa dijadikan idola. Misalnya sosok yang tampan seperti Nabi Yusuf AS, yang
kaya seperti Nabi Sulaiman, yang handal pertempuran seperti Nabi Musa AS. Dalam
pembelajaran, peserta didik memiliki bermacam-macam karakter, bakat, dan
pembawaan. Hal ini perlu dikembangkan dengan memberikan kisah-kisah pilihan
Nabi dan Rasul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kisah-kisah yang terjadi pada masa Rasulullah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah
tentang Ababil (QS.Al-Fil:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1-5)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah
tentang hijrahnya Nabi SAW (QS.Muhammad: 13)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah
tentang perang Badar dan Uhud (QS. Ali Imran)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah
tentang perang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unain dan
At-Tabuk (QS. Taubah).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Dan lain sebagainya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah-kisah tersebut dapat dipergunakan
untuk memantapkan keyakinan dan keimanan peserta didik agar benar-benar
mencontoh kebaikan yang dilakukan para sahabat yang telah berjuang dengan
semangat. Peserta didik juga di motivasi untuk selalu berjuang dan berkorban di
jalan Allah Swt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah yang
berhubungan dengan kejadian pada masa lalu dan orang-orang yang tidak
disebutkan kenabiannya. Contohnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Luqman (QS.Luqman: 12-13)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tantang Dzul Qarnain (QS. Al-Kahfi: 83-98)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Ashabul Kahfi (QS.Al-Kahfi: 9-26)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang thalut dan jalut (QS.Al-Baqarah: 246-251)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Yajuj Ma’fuz (QS.Al-Anbiya: 95-97)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang bangsa Romawi (QS.Ar-Rum: 2-4).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Maryam (QS. Ali Imron: 36-45, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
lain-lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Fir’aun (QS. Al-Baqarah: 49-50,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan
lain-lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah tentang Qorun (QS. Al-Qashash: 76-79,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lain-lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lain
sebagainya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah tersebut ada yang patut kita
teladani dan tidak perlu diteladani. Kisah teladan dari selain para Nabi dan
rasul dapat dijadikan pelajaran bahwa meskipun tidak sebagai Nabi atau Rasul
manusia tetap berpeluang menjadi orang baik yang bisa menjadi pilihan.
Sedangkan kisah yang tidak patut diteladani juga bermanfaat bagi upaya
penjagaan diri agar tidak terjerumus pada perbuatan yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faedah Kisah
Dalam al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kisah-kisah
al-Qur'an pada dasarnya terdapat banyak sekali faedah yang dapat dipetik
manfaatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini faedah kisah dalam al-Qur’an
di antaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan dasar-dasar dakwah agama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allah Swt</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan menjelaskan pokok-pokok
syari’at yang dibawa oleh para Nabi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menanamkan
akhlakul karimah dan budi yang mulia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menampakan
kebenaran Nabi Muhammad. Dalam dakwahnya dengan tepat beliau menerangkan
keadaan umat-umat terdahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyibak
kebohongan ahli kitab dengan hujjah yang membenarkan keterangan dan petunjuk
yang mereka sembunyikan, dan menantang mereka dengan isi kitab mereka sendiri
sebelum kitab itu diubah dan diganti. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meneguhkan
hati Rasulullah dan umat Muhammad atas agama Islam, memperkuat kepercayaan
orang mukmin tentang menangnya kebenaran dan para pendukungnya serta hancurnya
kebatilan dan para pembelanya. Sesuai Firman Allah Swt yang berbunyi:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وَكُلا
نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ أَنْبَاءِ الرُّسُلِ مَا نُثَبِّتُ بِهِ فُؤَادَكَ
وَجَاءَكَ فِي هَذِهِ الْحَقُّ وَمَوْعِظَةٌ وَذِكْرَى لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan semua kisah rasul-rasul</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kami ceritakan kepadamu (Muhammad), agar dengan
kisah itu Kami teguhkan hatimu</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan di dalamnya
telah diberikan kepadamu (segala) kebenaran, nasihat dan peringatan bagi orang
yang beriman</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(QS. Hud: 120)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membenarkan
para nabi terdahulu, menghidupkan kenangan terhadap mereka serta mengabadikan
jejak dan peninggalannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menarik
perhatian para mendengar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sugesti bagi
kaum Mukminin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peringatan
kepada orang-orang kafir akan akibat terus menerusnya mereka dalam kekufuran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisah termasuk salah satu bentuk sastra yang dapat
menarik perhatian para pendengar dan memantapkan pesan-pesan yang terkandung
didalamnya kedalam jiwa.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 21.3pt left 2.0cm 389.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai
Firman Allah Swt yang berbunyi:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لَقَدْ كَانَ فِي قَصَصِهِمْ عِبْرَةٌ
لأولِي الألْبَابِ مَا كَانَ حَدِيثًا يُفْتَرَى وَلَكِنْ تَصْدِيقَ الَّذِي
بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَتَفْصِيلَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَهُدًى وَرَحْمَةً لِقَوْمٍ
يُؤْمِنُونَ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sungguh, pada kisah-kisah
mereka itu terdapat pengajaran bagi orang yang mempunyai akal (Al Quran) itu
bukanlah cerita yang dibuat-buat, tetapi membenarkan (kitab-kitab) yang
sebelumnya menjelaskan segala sesuatu dan sebagai petunjuk dan rahmat bagi
orang-orang yang beriman. </i>(QS. Yusuf: 111).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh
Kisah al-Qur’an Dalam Pendidikan Dakwah dan Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak
diragukan lagi bahwa kisah yang baik dan cermat akan digemari dan menembus jiwa
manusia dengan mudah. Segenap perasaan mengikuti alur kisah tersebut tanpa
merasa jemu serta unsur-unsurnya dapat dijelajahi akal. Pelajaran yang
disampaikan dengan metode ceramah akan menimbulkan kebosanan, bahkan tidak
dapat di ikuti sepenuhnya oleh generasi muda kecuali dengan mudah sulit dan
berat serta memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama pula. Oleh karena itu, maka kisah
dalam al-Quran sangat bermanfaat dan mengandung banyak faedah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
umumnya, anak-anak suka mendengarkan cerita-cerita, memperhatikan riwayat
kisah, dan ingatnya segera menampung apa yang diriwayatkan kepadanya, kemudian
ia menirukan dan mengisahkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fenomena
fitrah kejiwaan ini sudah seharusnya dimanfaatkan oleh para pendidik dalam
lapangan pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan agama yang memerlukan inti pengajaran
dan guru pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
kisah-kisah Qur’ani terdapat sarana yang dapat membantu kesuksesan para
pendidik dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dan membekali mereka dengan bekal
kependidikan berupa kehidupan para nabi, berita tentang umat terdahulu, <i>sunnatullah</i>
dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan tentang bangsa-bangsa. Dan semua itu dikatakan
dengan benar dan jujur. Para pendidik hendaknya mampu menyuguhkan kisah-kisah
Qur’ani itu dengan aturan bahasa yang sesuai dengan nalar pelajar dalam segala
tingkatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak diragukan lagi
bahwa kisah yang baik dan cermat akan digemari dan menembus relung jiwa manusia
dengan mudah. Segenap perasaan mengikuti alur kisah tersebut tanpa merasa jemu
atau kesal, serta unsur-unsurnya dapat dijelajahi akal sehingga ia dapat
memetik dari keindahan tamannya aneka ragam bunga dan buah-buahan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelajaran yang
disampaikan dengan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">talqiin </i>dan
ceramah akan menimbulkan kebosanan, bahkan tidak dapat diikuti sepenuhnya oleh
generasi muda kecuali dengan sulit dan berat serta memerlukan waktu yang cukup
lama pula. Oleh karena itu, maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uslub
gashashi</i> (narasi) sangat bermanfaat dan mengandung banyak faedah. Pada
umumnya, anak-anak suka mendengarkan cerita-cerita, pemperhatikan riwayat
kisah, dan ingatannya segera menampung apa yang diriwayatkan kepadanya,
kemudian ia menirukan dan mengisahkannya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenomena fitrah
kejiwaan ini sudah seharusnya dimanfaatkan oleh para pendidik dalam lapangan
pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan agama yang merupakan inti pengajaran dan so</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sok </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">guru pendidikan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kisah-kisah
al-Qur’an ini terdapat lahan subur yang dapat membantu kesuksesan para pendidik
dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dan membekali mereka dengan bekal kependidikan
berupa teladan hidup para Nabi, berita-berita tentang umat terdahulu,
sunnatullah dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan hal ihwal bangsa-bangsa. Dan semua
itu dikatakan dengan benar dan jujur. Para pendidik hendaknya mampu menyuguhkan
kisah-kisah qur’ani itu dengan uslub bahasa yang sesuai dengan tingkat pelajar
dalam segala tingkatan. Sejumlah kisah keagamaan yang disusun oleh Ustadz Sayid
Qutub dan Ustadz as-Sahhar telah berhasil memberikan bekal bermanfaat dan
berguna bagi anak-anak kita, dengan keberhasilan yang tiada bandingnya.
Demikian pula al-Jarim telah menyajikan kisah-kisah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Q</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ur’ani dengan gaya sastra yang
indah dan tinggi, serta lebih banyak analisis mendalam. Alangkah baiknya
andaikata orang lain pun mengikuti dan meneruskan metode pendidikan baik ini. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk ini adalah untuk memberikan pelajaran sebuah kebenaran, agar selalu
mengerti akan pentingnya sebuah pengetahuan dan hikmah. Contoh tentang hal ini
dalam surat Luqman, sebagaimana diketahui bahwa menurut jumhur ulama’, Luqman
bukanlah seorang nabi, kecuali pendapat Ikrimah dan Al-Syaibani, akan tetapi ia
adalah seorang yang sholeh yang diberi oleh Allah kelebihan, hikmah dan
kemampuan memutuskan antara yang haq dan yang batal dan dimuliakan oleh Allah
dengan ma’rifat dan ilmu dan ta’bir yang tepat dan benar. Dalam kepribadiaanya
ia adalah sosok hamba yang sangat sederhana, dan sebagai qodli atas bani
isroil. Adapun tentang Luqman ini Allah berfirman :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami berikan hikmah kepada
Luqman, yaitu “Bersyukurlah kepada Allah”. Dan barang siapa yang bersyukur
(kepada Allah), maka sesungguhnya ia besyukur untuk dirinya sendiri dan barang
siapa yang tidak bersyukur, maka sesungguhnaya Allah Maha Kaya dan Maha
Terpuji. Dan ingatlah ketika Luqman berkata kepada anaknya: Hai anakku,
janganlah kamu mempersekutukan Allah. Sesungguhnya mempersekutukan Allah adalah
benar-benar kedzoliman yang besar”. Dan kami perintahkan manusia (berbuat baik)
kepada kedua orang tua, ibunya telahmengandungnya dalamkeadaan lemah yang
bertambah-tambah dan menyapihnya dalam dua tahun. Bersyukurlah kepadaku dan
kedua orangtuamu, hanya kepadaKulah kamu kembali. Dan jika keduanya memaksamu
untuk mempersekutukanKu dengan sesuatu yang tidak ada pengetahuanmu tentang
itu, maka janganlah kamu mengikuti keduanya. Dan pergauilah mereka di dunia
dengan baik dan ikutilah jalan orang yang kembali kepadaKu, kemudian hanya
kepadaKulah kembalimu, maka kuberitahukan kepadamu apa yang telah kamu kerjakan
(Luqman berkata): Hai anakku, jika ada (sesuatu perbuatan) seberat biji sawi,
dan berada dalam batu atau dilangit atau di dalam bumi, niscaya Allah akan
mendatangkannya (membalasnya). Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Halus lagi Maha
Mengetahui</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (Q.S. Luqman 12-16 ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam ayat diatas, pengertian yang dapat dipetik bahwa
pendidikan orang tua, kepayahan dan kesulitannya baik malam maupun siang hari,
agar anak mau mengingat kebaikan orang tua yang telah diterimanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain itu pula terdapat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">onsep ancaman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang membuat b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">entuk ini adalah untuk membuat sebuah peringatan (warning) agar
meninggalkan sesuatu yang buruk atau jangan melakukan sesuatu yang buruk, karena
segala sesutu yang buruk itu mengandung konsekuensi sebagai balasan atas
perbuatan buruk tersebut, dapat berupa hukuman atau musibah karma. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat dicontohkan sebagaimana dalam firman Allah
Al-Lahab ayat: 1-5. Surat ini menceritakan akan konsekuensi sebuah perbuatan
buruk yang telah dilakukan oleh Abu Lahab, sehingga cerita ini akan menjadi
peringatan sekaligus ancaman bagi mereka yang mengulang perbuatan jahat seperti
apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Abu lahab dan Isterinya. Jelaslah bahwa
peringatan dan ancaman dalam kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur’an hakikatnya tidak lain
merupakan bentuk psikoterapi dari kesombongan dan keangkuhan dari orang-orang
yang menyimpang dari jalan Allah, yang harus dihadapi dengan peringatan dan
ancaman yang dapat merendahkan diri mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari sisi lain, manusia sendiri secara psikologis
merupakan makluk dengan karakteristik dan sifat yang tangkas sejak lahir yakni
seperti naluri cinta hidup, naluri takut, tunduk, menentang,dan sebagainya.
Dari sifat khusus manusia itu selanjutnya akan memunculkan dorongan-dorongan
dalam diri manusia. Dengan dorongan-dorongan inilah manusia akan memenuhi
kebutuhannya, baik rasa aman, minat dan sebagainya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun sebaliknya bila dorongan itu berlebihan, maka
akibatnya justru manusia tidak lagi dapat mengendalikan dorongan itu, akan
tetapi dorongan itulah yang akan mengendalikannya dan hal ini disebut dengan
penyimpangan dorongan, misalnya seseorang menjadi berlebihan dalam memusuhi dan
menganiaya terhadap sesama. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan ancaman sebagai akibat dari sebuah
perbuatan yaitu berupa siksa Allah di akhirat kelak, seseorang berusaha
menghindarinya, bahkan apabila ketakutan itu begitu dahsyat, hal ini akan
membuat seseorang tertimpa kebingungan untuk waktu yang lama, dimana ia tidak
akan mampu bergerak dan berpikir. Dalam keadaan seperti inilah, seluruh
perhatiaannya akan tertuju pada bahaya yang mengancam dan usahanya untuk
melepaskan diri dari bahaya itu serta memalingkannya dari hal-hal lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut bahasa kata Qashash
jamak dari <i>Qishah</i>, artinya kisah, cerita atau keadaan. Sedangkan menurut
istilah <i>Qashashul Quran</i> ialah kisah-kisah dalam al-Quran tentang Nabi
dan Rasul mereka, serta peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa lampau, masa
kini, dan masa yang akan datang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiga
macam kisah dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Quran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yakni </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kisah para nabi
terdahulu, kisah yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pada masa lalu dan
orang-orang yang tidak disebutkan kenabiannya, dan kisah-kisah yang terjadi
pada masa Rasulullah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kisah (Qashash) dalam al-Quran
dapat digunakan sebagai sarana dakwah, hiburan, motivasi, dan lain-lain. Selain
itu Qashash biasanya menceritakan semua keadaan dengan cara yang menarik dan
mempesona. Dan bahkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tulisan di dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> mengalahkan syair-syair yang terkenal di Arab.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anwar,
Rohison</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
<i>Ilmu Tafsir</i>, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cet.III;
Bandung: Pustaka Set</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
2006</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">al-Khaldi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Fattah Abdul Shalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’a Qishash al-Sabiqin fi al-Qur’an, alih bahasa: Abdullah,
Kisah-kisah al-Qur’an; Perjalanan dari Orang-orang Dahulu</i> (Jakarta:
Gema Insani Press, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Djalal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, Abdul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulumul Qur’an</i> (Surabaya: Dunia Ilmu, 1998)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syadali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Ahmad</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, Rofi’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I Ahmad</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, <i>Ulumul
Qur’an</i> II, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">( Cet; I, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bandung: CV.
Pustaka Setia, 1997</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US">Rosihon Anwar</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
<i>Ilmu Tafsir</i>, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cet.III;
Bandung: Pustaka Set</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
2006</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Shalah Abdul Fattah al-Khaldi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’a Qishash al-Sabiqin fi al-Qur’an, alih
bahasa: Abdullah, Kisah-kisah al-Qur’an; Perjalanan dari Orang-orang
Dahulu</i> (Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1999), jilid. I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Djalal, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulumul Qur’an</i> (Surabaya: Dunia Ilmu,
1998)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn9"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ahmad Syadali, Ahmad Rofi’I, <i>Ulumul
Qur’an</i> II, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">( Cet; I, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bandung:
CV. Pustaka Setia, 1997,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-60640774020157656422016-01-11T14:47:00.001-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.425-08:00Sejarah Orientalisme<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi dan Sejarah Orientalis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi Juragan Makalah, berikut ini adalah artikel tentang sejarah orientalisme, meliputi definisi orientalisme, sejarah orientalisme, pendapat para tokoh tentang orientalisme, perkembangan orientalisme.<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Orientalisme</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Muthaqabani dalam kajiannya, menyebutkan
bahwa istilah orientalisme muncul pada tahun 1638, yang digunkan oleh seorang
anggota gereja timur (yunani). Menurut Rodinson<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
orientalisme ini lahir untuk memenuhi kebutuhan “mewujudkam satu cabang
pengetahuan khusus untuk mengkaji dunia timur”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rudi Paret,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
orientalisme adalah ilmu ketimuran atau ilmu tentang dunia timur. Menurut Edwar
Sa’id Orientalisme adalah bidang pengetahuan atau ilmu yang mengantarkan pada
pemahaman dunia timur secara sistematis sebagai suatu obyek yang dapat
dipelajar, diungkap, dan diaplikasikan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut ahmad abdul hamid, orientalisme adalah
studi-studi akademis oleh orang orang barat yang kafir terhadap Islam dan kaum
muslimin, dari berbagai aspeknya, yakni aqidah, syari’ah, budaya, peradaban, sejarah,
system kehidupan, kekayaan alam dan potensi-potensinya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut Syamsuddin Arif orientalis adalah para sarjana
barat yang notabene non muslim yaitu orang-orang yahudi, kristen ataupun ateis
yang sibuk mengkaji Islam beserta seluk beluknya. Adapun kalangan muslim yang
terpengaruh oleh tulisan-tulisan mereka lalu latah dan ikut-ikutan menolak
hadis secara keseluruhan disebut pengikut orientalis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Muthabaqani, orientalisme adalah segala
sesuatu yang bersumber dari orang-orang barat, yaitu dari orang-orang eropa dan
orang orang Amerika, berupa studi-studi akademis yang membahas masalah-masalah Islam
dan kaum muslimin dibidang akidah, syari’ah, social, politik, pemikiran, dan
seni.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Temasuk orientalisme pula yakni:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala sesuatu yang disebarluaskan oleh
media massa barat baik dengan bahasa mereka ataupun dengan bahasa arabmelalui
Koran, radio, televisi, film, kartun, dan saluran saluran luar angkasa yang
menyangkut islam dan kaum muslimin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala sesuatu yang ditetapkan oleh para
peneliti dan politisi barat dalam berbagai konferensi dan seminar mereka, baik
yang terbuka ataupun yang tertutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala sesuatu yang ditulis oleh orang
arab Kristen, yang memandang islam dengan kacamata barat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala sesuatu disebarluaskan oleh para
peneliti muslim, yang belajar daripara oientalis danbanyak mengadopsi pemikiran
orientalis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah Orientalisme.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
as-Shiba’i orientalisme di awali saat tentara salib menyerang negari-negeri
Islam, yang didorong oleh setidaknya dua faktor, yakni:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor agama dan fanatisme buta yang
dipropagandakan oleh pemuka-pemuka gereja terhadap masyarakat eropa dengan
memberikan gambaran yang amat buruk terhadap Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor politik imperialisme, dimana
pemimpin pemimpin eropa banyak mendengar tentang kemakmuran negeri-negeri Islam
dengan kesuburan tanahnya, kekayaan buminya, dan kemajuan peradabanya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Musthafa as-Shiba’iy, bahwa awal dari
orientalisme adalah konflik antara kaum muslimin dan Kristen di Andalusia pada
abad 15 M.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
muthabaqani, bahwa peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut hanyalah tanda tanda awal dari
orientalisme. Apa yang datang setelah itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dia anggap sebagai pendalaman ide tentang orientalisme, perluasan
orientalisme, dan peningkatan perhatian terhadap oerientalisme. Jadi titik awal
yang sesungguhnya dari orientalisme adalah sejak abad 16 M, yakni suatu masa
dimana banga eropa mengalami kebangkitan dengan aktifitas reformasi gereja,
renaissance, dan humanisme. Sejak abad 16 M itulah di eropa banyak karya cetak
berbahasa arab, juga mulai banyak lembaga, lembaga kajian yang mengeluarkan
berbagai karya berupa buku. Pada tahun 1632 telah terbentuk lembaga studi
bahasa arab di Cambridge, dan pada tahun 1638 terbentuk pula di oxford.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Orientalis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berkebangsaan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perancis
yang lahir pada tahun 1915.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Orientalis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berkebangsaan
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jerman
yang lahir pada tahun 1901.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syamsuddin
Arif, <i>Gugatan Orientalis Terhadap Hadis Dan Gaungnya Di Dunia Islam</i>,
Jurnal Kajian Islam al-Insan No. 2, Vol. I, 2005, </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer,<i>Ulumul
Hadis Pengantar Studi Hadis Praktis</i>, (Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008 </span></div>
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Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-65940208582198960742016-01-09T15:04:00.003-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.463-08:00Sistem Ekonomi Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
sistemekonomi Islam, Krakteristik ekonomi Islam, konsep harta dalam ekonomi Islam, hubungan ekonomi dengan moral dalam ekonomi Islam, dan lainnya.</div>
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<br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Ekonomi Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
ekonomi Islam adalah suatu sistem ekonomi yang didasarkan pada ajaran dan
nilai-nilai Islam, bersumber dari Al Quran, As-Sunnah, ijma dan qiyas. Ini
telah dinyatakan dalam surat al maidah ayat (3). Sistem ekonomi Islam berbeda
dengan sistem ekonomi kapitalis maupun sosialis, sistem ekonomi Islam memiliki
sifat-sifat baik dari sistem ekonomi sosialis dan kapitalis, namun terlepas
dari sifat buruknya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ekonomi Islam merupakan ilmu pengetahuan sosial yang
mempelajari masalah-masalah ekonomi rakyat yang diilhami oleh nilai-nilai Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan hancurnya komunisme dan
system ekonomi sosialis pada awal tahun 90-an membuat system ekonomi kapitalis
disanjung sebagai satu-satunya system ekonomi yang sahih, tetapi ternyata
system ekonomi kapitalis membawa akibat negatif dan lebih buruk, karena banyak
Negara miskin bertambah miskin dan Negara kaya yang jumlahnya relative sedikit
semakin bertambah kaya. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kata lain kapitalis gagal
meningkatkan harkat hidup orang banyak terutama dinegara-negara berkembang,
bahkan menurut joseph E. stiglitz (2006) kegagalan ekonomi amerika decade 90-an
karena keserakahan kapitalisme ini, ketidak berhasilan secara penuh dari
system-sistem ekonomi yang ada disebabkan karena masing-masing system ekonomi
mempunyai kelemahan atau kekurangan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan
kelebihan masing-masing.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan atau kekurangan dari masing-masing
system ekonomi tersebut lebih menonjol ketimbang kelebihannya. <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Itulah yang menyebabkan timbulnya pemikiran baru tentang system
ekonomi islam/syariah terutama dikalangan Negara-negara muslim atau
Negara-negara yang mayoritas penduduknya beragama islam</span></i>.
Negara-negara yang berpendudukkan masyarakat muslim mencoba untuk mewujudkan
suatu system ekonomi yang didasarkan pada Al-quran dan hadits yaitu system
ekonomi syariah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Karaktersitik
Ekonomi Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Harta kepunyaan Allah dan Manusia
merupakan khalifah atas harta.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
harta baik benda maupun alat-alat produksi adalah milik Allah SWT. Seperti
tercantum dalam QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 284.Manusia adalah khalifah atas harta
miliknya. Seperti tercantum dalam surat al-Hadiid ayat 7. Terdapat pula sabda
Rasulullah yang juga menjelaskan bahwa segala bentuk harta yang dimiliki
manusia pda hakikatnya adalah milik Allah SWT semata dan manusia diciptakan
untuk menjadi khalifah “ Dunia ini hijau dan manis. Allah telah menjadikan kamu
khalifah (penguasa) di dunia. Karena itu hendaklah kamu membahas cara berbuat mengenai
harta di dunia ini”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Ekonomi terikat dengan akidah, Syariah
(Hukum), dan Moral</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukti-bukti hubungan ekonomi dan
moral dalam islam:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larangan terhadap pemilik dalam
penggunaan hartanya yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian atas harta orang lain atau
kepentingan masyarakat. Sabda Rasulullah “ Tidak boleh merugikan diri sendiri
dan juga orang lain” (HR. Ahmad)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larangan melakukan penipuan dalam
transaksi, ditegaskan dalam Sabda Rasulullah “Orang-orang yang menipu kita
bukan termasuk golongan kita”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larangan menimbun emas, perak atau
sarana moneter lainnya sehingga dapat mencegah peredaran uang dan menghambat
fungsinya dalam memperluas lapangan produksi. Hal ini sperti tercantum dalam QS
9:34.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larangan melakukan pemborosan karena dapat
menghancurkan individu dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Keseimbangan antara Kerohanian dan Kebendaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas
keduniaan yang dilakukan manusia tidak boleh bertentangan atau bahkan
mengorbankan kehidupan akhirat. Apa yang kita lakukan hari ini adalah untuk
mencapai tujuan akhirat kelak. Prinsip ini jelas berbeda dengan ekonomi
kapitalis maupun sosialis yang hanya bertujuan untuk kehidupan duniawi saja.
Hal ini jelas ditegaskan oleh surat al-Qashash ayat 77</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”Dan carilah pada apa yang telah dianugerahkan Allah
kepadamu (kebahagiaan) negeri akhirat, dan janganlah kamu melupakan bahagianmu
dari (kenikmatan) duniawi dan berbuat baiklah (kepada orang lain) sebagaimana
Allah telah berbuat baik, kepadamu, dan janganlah kamu berbuat kerusakan di
(muka) bumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang berbuat
kerusakan. “</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Ekonomi Islam Menciptakan Keseimbanagan Antara
Kepentingan Individu dengan Kepentingan umum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam tidak mengakui hak mutlak dan
atau kebebasan mutlak, tetapi mempunyai batasan-batasan tertentu termasuk dalam
hak milik. Hal ini tercantum dalam surat Al Hasyr ayat 7, al maa’uun ayat 1-3,
serta surat al-Ma’arij ayat 24-25.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Kebebasan individu dijamin dalam islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam memberikan kebebasan tiap
individu untuk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi namun tentu saja tidak bertentangan
dengan aturan AlQuran dan AsSunnah, seperti tercantum dalam surat al Baqarah
ayat 188.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Negara
diberi kewenangan turut campur dalam perekonomian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Islam, Negara berkeawjiban
melindungi kepentingan masyararakat dari keridakadilan yang dilakukan oleh
seseorang atau sekelompok orang taupun dai negara lain, berkewajiban memberikan
kebebasan dan jaminan sosial agar seluruh masyarakat dapat hidup dengan layak.
Seperti sabda Rasulullah “ Barangsiapa yang meninggalkan beban, hendaklah dia
datang kepada-Ku, karena akulah maula (pelindung)nya” (Al-Mustadrak oelh
Al-Hakim)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Bimbingan konsumsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hal konsumsi, islam melarang
hidup berlebih-lebihan, terlalu hidup kemewahan dan bersikap angkuh. Hal ini
tercermin dalam surat al-A’raaf ayat 31 seta Al-Israa ayat 16.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Petunjuk investasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyek
yang baik menurut isla</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memberikan rezeki seluas mungkin p</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">da masyarakat, memberantas
kekafiran,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memperbaiki pendapatan dan kekayaan, memelihara dan
menumbuhkembangkan harta, melindungi kepentingan anggota masyaakat.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Zakat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah karakteristik khusu</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang tidak terdapat
daalm system ekonomi lainnya manapun, penggunaannya sangat efektif guna
melakukan distribusi kekayaan di masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Larangan
riba</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam sangat melarang munculnya
riba (bunga) karean itu merupakan salah satu penyelaewangan uang dari
bidangnya. Seperi tercermin dalam surat al-baqarah ayat 275.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-44115915458478759782016-01-09T14:29:00.001-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.501-08:00Aliran Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terimakasih mengunjungi Juragan Makalah, berikut ini adalah artikel tentang aliran pemikiran ekonomi Islan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m yang meliputi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> aliran Baqir as-Sadr/Istishaduna, Aliran Mainstream, dan aliran Alternatif Kritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran Ekonomi Islam</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam dunia ekonomi
Islam saat ini terdapat setidaknya tiga mazhab pemikiran ekonomi yang
berkembang. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi hal ini tidaklah mengurangi arti
eksistensi dan vitalitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Islam</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> itu sendiri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">justru merupakan
keragaman yang digunakan untuk memperkokoh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Islam</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dan
keragaman merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkah bagi umat
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari sisi karakter dasar pemikiran
ekonomi Islam pada saat ini, secara garis besar tiga mazhab (corak pemikiran)
utama yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab Baqir as-Sadr</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iqtishaduna</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab ini dipelopori oleh Baqir
as-sadr dengan bukunya yang fenomenal yaitu <i>Iqtishaduna</i> (ekonomi
kita). Baqir as-Sadr, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dengan nama lengkap
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr dilahirkan di Kadhimiyeh pada
25 <i>Dzulqaidah</i> 1353 H/ 1 Maret 1935 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Datang dari suatu keluarga yang
terkenal dari sarjana-sarjana Shi’i dan para intelektual Islam, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan Baqir al-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sadr mengikuti
jejak mereka. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
memilih untuk belajar studi-studi Islam tradisional di Hauzas (sekolah-sekolah
tradisional di Iraq), di mana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
belajar fiqh, ushul dan teologi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Baqir
as-Sadr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah ulama syiah Irak terkemuka,
pendiri organisasi hizbullah di Lebanon.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab ini berpendapat bahwa ilmu
ekonomi tidak pernah bisa sejalan dengan Islam. Ekonomi tetap ekonomi dan
Islam tetap Islam. Keduanya tidak akan pernah dapat dipersatukan karena
keduanya berasal dari filosofi yang saling kontradiktif. Yang satu anti Islam
sedangkan yang lainnya Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut mereka perbedaan filosofi
ini berdampak pada perbedaan cara pandang keduanya dalam melihat masalah
ekonomi. Menurut ilmu ekonomi, masalah ekonomi muncul karena adanya
keinginan manusia yang tidak terbatas dan ketersediaan sumberdaya yang
terbatas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab Baqir menolak pernyataan
ini, karena menurut mereka Islam tidak mengenal sumberdaya yang terbatas.
Seperti yang ada di dalam Al-quran ” Sungguh telah kami ciptakan segala sesuatu
dalam ukuran yang setepat-tepatnya (54:49). Oleh karena itu segala
sesuatunya telah terukur dengan sempurna, Allah telah memberikan sumberdaya
yang cukup bagi seluruh manusia di dunia. Pendapat bahwa keinginan
manusia tidak terbatas juga ditolak. Contohnya manusia akan berhenti
minum jika dahaganya telah terpuaskan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mazhab Baqir
berpendapat bahwa masalah ekonomi muncul karena adanya distribusi yang tidak
merata dan adil sebagai akibat sistem ekonomi yang membolehkan exploitasi dari
pihak yang kuat terhadap yang lemah. Dimana yang kuat memiliki akses
terhadap sumberdaya sehingga menjadi sangat kaya sedangkan yang lemah tidak
meiliki akses ke sumberdaya sehingga menjadi sangat miskin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu masalah ekonomi
bukan karena sumberdaya yang terbatas tetapi karena keserakahan manusia yang
tidak terbatas. Oleh karena itu menurut mazhab ini istilah ekonomi Islami adalah
istilah yang menyesatkan dan kontradiktif. Sebagai gantinya ditawarkan dengan
istilah yang berasaldari filosofi Islam yaitu Iqtishad, yang secara harfiah
berarti keadaan sama seimbang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
teori yang dikembangkan oleh ilmu ekonomi konvensional ditolak dan
dibuang. Sebagai gantinya maka disusunlah teori-teori ekonomi baru yang
digali dari Alquran dan Assunah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab Mainstream</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab mainstrean berbeda pendapat
dengan mazhab Baqir. Mazhab ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sependapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
bahwa masalah ekonomi muncul dikarenakan sumberdaya yang terbatas yang
dihadapkan pada keinginan manusia yang tidak terbatas. Seperti yang
disabdakan Nabi Muhammad Saw. Bahwa manusia tidak akan pernah puas. Bila
diberikan emas satu lembah, ia akan meminta emas dua lembah. Bila diberikan dua
lembah maka dia akan meminta tiga lembah dan seterusnya sampai ia masuk kubur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, pandangan mazhab
ini tentang masalah ekonomi hampir tidak ada bedanya dengan pandangan ekonomi
konvensional. Perbedaannya terletak pada cara menyelesaikan masalah
tersebut. Dilema sumberdaya terbatas dihadapkan dengan keinginan manusia
yang tidak terbatas memaksa manusia itu melakukan pilihan-pilihan atas
keinginannya. Kemudian manusia membuat skala prioritas dalam memenuhi
keinginannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Ekonomi konvensional
pemilihan sekala prioritas berdasarkan selera masing-masing pribadi.
Manusia boleh mempertimbangkan tuntutan agama atau boleh juga
mengabaikannya. Tetapi dalam ekonomi Islami pilihan tidak dapat dilakukan
semaunya, harus berdasarkan tuntunan Alquran dan Assunah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab ini berpendapat mengambil
hal-hal yang baik dan bermanfaat yang dihasilkan oleh bangsa dan budaya non Islam
tidak diharamkan. Nabi bersabda hikmah atau ilmu itu bagi umat Islam adalah
ibarat barang yang hilang. Dimana saja ditemukan maka umat Islam paling
berhak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengambilnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab Alternatif – Kritis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab ini mengkritik dua mazhab
sebelumnya. Mazhab Baqir dikritik sebagai mazhab yang berusaha menemukan
sesuatu yang baru yang sebenarnya telah ditemukan oleh orang lain.
Menghancurkan teori yang lama dengan menggantinya dengan teori yang baru.
Sedangkan mazhab mainstream dikritiknya sebagai jiplakan dari ekonomi neoklasik
dengan menghilangkan variabel riba dan memasukkan variabel zakat dan niat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab ini adalah mazhab
kritis. Meraka berpendapat bahwa analisis kritis bukan saja harus dilakukan
terhadap sosialisme dan kapitalisme, tetapi juga terhadap ekonomi Islam itu
sendiri. Mereka meyakini bahwa Islam itu benar tetapi ekonomi Islami belum
tentu benar karena ekonomi Islami adalah hasil tafsiran manusia atas Alquran
dan Assunnah. Oleh karena itu nilai kebenarannya tidaklah mutlak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-teori yang diajukan oleh Ekonomi
Islami harus selalu diuji kebenarannya sebagaimana yang dilakukan terhadap
ekonomi konvensional. Masing-masing dari ketiga mazhab diatas telah memiliki
ciri menonjol yang bisa saling berkonfrontasi, sepertihalnya mainstream yang
terlihat paling moderat karena sikapnya terhadap teori ekonomi konvensional
yang tidak semata-mata dihapus, melainkan dipilah berdasarkan prinsip
metodologi teori ekonomi Islam jika didapatkan sesuatu yang tidak salah dan
dibolehkan atau dibenarkan maka hal itu dilaksanakan, dan apabila ada yang
salah maka hal itu dihilangkan. Begitu juga sikapnya terhadap permasalahan
pangkal dari sebuah teori ekonomi berupa scrachity (kelangkaan) yang titik
tolaknya pada dasarnya sama, melainkan lebih pada pola distribusinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini berbeda
sama sekali dengan As Shadr, yang dengan tegasnya mazhab ini berpendapat bahwa
jika, ingin dinamakan dengan ekonomi Islam, seharusnya tidak perlu pakai
istilah ekonomi melainkan dengan istilah yang berubah total yakni iqtishoduna. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan
ini dikarenakan mazhab as Sadhr tidak menyetujui jika permasalahan ekonomi
adalah sama dengan konvensional yakni pada kelangkaan sumber daya. Sebab
menurut mazhab ini, pada dasarnya Allah telah menurunkan secara jelas ayat yang
menegaskan bahwa sumber daya yang ada itu pada dasarnya sudah cukup, tinggal
bagaimana manusia mengolahnya dan mendistribusikannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sedangkan mazhab
kritis, lebih pada analisa mendalam mengenai hasil temuan-temuan sistem ekonomi
yang ada termasuk ekonomi Islam untuk dikritisi kembali dan secara terus
menerus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diantara ketiga
mazhab ini, jika dikaji berdasarkan teori dialektika dan sebuah kesatuan
metodolgi bukanlah tiga teori yang sebenarnya layak untuk menimbulkan klaim
hingga pada akhirnya menimbulkan terjadi konflik dialektika teori yang
meruncing. Akan tetapi, dari ketiga mazhab ekonomi Islam ini, pada dasarnya
memiliki sebuah kesatuan dan mampu untuk saling mengisi satu sama lain yang
didasarkan dari peran teori yang diusung oleh masing-masing mazhab. Seperti halnya
kekurangan pada mazhab mainstream yang cenderung mudah disalah persepsikan
sebagai ekonomi minus riba plus zakat dapat untuk kemudian ditegaskan kembali
oleh mazhab As Shadr dan dikoreksi secara terus menerus oleh alternatif kritis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Teori
pada dasarnya akan mengalami evolusi melalui pelestarian, inovasi, dan
kepunahan, maka terdapat suatu proses evolusi dalam sejarah manusia. Proses ini
ditandai dengan dua kecenderungan, yakni adanya keanekaragaman dan kemajuan.
keanekaragaman mengacu kepada kenyataan bahwa jumlah dan aneka ragam masyarakat
sangat meningkat, dan pola-pola adaptasi manusia semakin lama semakin
berbeda-beda. Sementara kemajuan tidak mengacu kepada peningkatan kebahagiaan
atau moralitas tetapi kepada perkembangan teknologi dan kepada perubahan
organisasi dan ideologi yang terjadi bersamaan dengan perkembangan teknologi.</span></div>
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Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-16718914283086055652016-01-02T16:16:00.002-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.538-08:00AL-QUR’AN SEBAGAI SUMBER UTAMA DALAM ISLAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terima Kasih Telah Mengunjungi Juragan Maklah, berikut ini addalah makalah studi qur'an dengan judul al-Qur'an Sebagai Sumber Utama dalam Islam, dengan tema pembahasan, akar kata al-Qur'an, nama dan sifat al-Qur'an, perbedaan al-Qur'an dengan hadis qudsi, seta hubungan sunnah dengan al-Qur'an.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sudah menjadi keniscayaan bahwasanya Al-Qur’an merupakan
sumber utama dalam Islam, karena Al-Qur’an adalah ayat-ayat Allah yang
mengataasi segala ruang dan waktu serta serta menjelaskan kekuasannya. Yang
menjadi rujukan atau landasan bagi setiap umat Islam dalam beraktifitas, Al-Qur’an
sebagai sumber utama dalam Islam maknanya berarti setiap aspek kehidupan umat Islam
harus mengacu pada Al-Qur’an baik itu terkaid dengan ibadah maupun muamalah dimana
segala macam permasalahan yang dihadapai manusia diperoleh jalan penyelesainnya.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh sebab itu menjadi sebuah keharusan bagi umat
manusia terutama umat Islam untuk mempelajari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan memahami nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam
Al-Qur’an. Maka dari itu menjadi aneh tatkala Al-Qur’an sebagai pedoman utama
umat Islam, tetapi kebanyakan dari umat Islam tidak memahami bahkan ada yang
enggan untuk mempelajarinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maka dari itu pada makalah ini akan dibahas sedikit
mengenai Al-Qur’an, yang berkaitan dengan akar kata Al-Qur’an, Nama dan Sifatnya,
perbedaan Al-Qur’an dengan hadis qudsi serta hubungan sunnah dengan AL-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam makalah ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa
Akar kata Al-Qur’an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa
saja nama dan bagaimana sifat Al-Qur’an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa
perbedaan Al-Qur’an dengan hadis qudsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
hubungan sunnah dengan Al-Qur’an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
memenuhi tugas makalah matakuliah Studi Qur’an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
bahan diskusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
memperkaya wawasan keilmuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Akar
Kata Al_Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara
etimologis, lafadz al-Qur’an berasal dari bahasa Arab, yaitu akar kata dari
Qara’a, yang berarti ‘‘Membaca’’. Al-Qur’an adalah bentuk isim masdar yang
diartikan sebagai isim maf’ul, yaitu maqru’ yang berarti ‘‘yang
dibaca’’.Pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an yang berasal dari akar
kata qara’a tersebut juga memiliki arti al-Jam’u yaitu ‘‘mengumpulkan dan
menghimpun’’. Jadi lafadz<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>qur’an dan
qari’ah berarti mengumpulkan dan menghimpun sebagian huruf-huruf dan kata-kata
yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu dengan yang lainnya. Sementara
ini menurut Schwally dan Weelhausen dalam kitab Dairah al-Ma’arif menulis bahwa
lafadz al-Qur’an berasal dari bahasa Hebrew, yakni dari kata Keryani, yang
berarti ‘‘yang dibacakan’’. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat
perbedaan pandangan dikalangan para ulama berkaitan dengan asal mula lafadz
(word) al-Qur’an tersebut. Pendapat pertama mengatakan bahwa penulisan lafadz
al-Qur’an dibubuhi dengan huruf hamzah (mahmuz). Sedangkan pendapat yang lain
mengatakan bahwa lafadz tersebut tidak dibubuhi dengan huruf hamzah (ghairu
mahmuz). Untuk pendapat yang disebutkan terakhir ini diwakili oleh al-Syafi’i,
al-Fara, dan al-Asy’ari. Dibawah ini akan diuraikan argument dari masing-masing
pendapat tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut al-Syafi’i lafadz al-Qur’an bukanlah
musytaq (tidak terampil dari akar kata apapun) dan bukan pula mahmuz (tidak
dibubuhi dengan huruf hamzah ditengahnya). Dengan kata lain bahwa lafadz
al-Qur’an itu adalah ismu jamid ghairu mahmuz, yaitu suatu isim yang berkaitan
dengan nama yang khusus di berikan al-Qur’an, sama halnya dengan nama Taurat
dan Injil. Jadi, menurut al-Syafi’i, lafadz tersebut bukan berasal dari akar
kata qara’a, yang berarti ‘‘membaca’’ sebagaimana disebutkan di tasa. Sebab
menurutnya lebih lanjut kalau al-Qur’an tersebut diambil dari akar kata qara’a,
maka semua yang dibaca pasti dapat dinamakan al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut al-Asy’ari dan para pengikutnya,
menyatakan bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an tidak berhamzah dan merupakan pecahan
(musytaq) dari akar kata qarana, yang berarti ‘‘ menggabungkan’’. Dalam hal ini
ia mengemukakan contoh kalimat qaranat al-syai’u bi al-syai’i, yaitu
menggabungkan sesuatu dengan sesuatu yang lain. Dengan demikian Kitab itu
dinamakan al-Qur’an karena suarah-surah dan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an itu dihimpun
dan digabungkan dalam satu mushaf. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut al-Fara’, lafadz al-Qur’an tidak
berhamzah dan merupakan pecahan (musytaq) dari kata qara’in (jamak dari kata
qarinah), yang berarti ‘‘kaitan, indikator, petunjuk’’. Hal ini disebabkan
karena sebagian ayat-ayat al-Qur’an itu serupa dengan ayat yang lain, oleh
karenanya seolah-olah sebagian ayat-ayatnya merupakan indikator (petunjuk) dari
apa yang dimaksud oleh ayat-ayat yang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan pendapat lain yang
menyatakan bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an ditulis dengan tambahan huruf hamzah (mahmuz)
diwakili oleh al-Zajjaj dan al-Lihyani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
al-Zajjaj, bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an ditulis dengan huruf hamzah (mahmuz)
ditengahnya dan mengikuti wazan fu’lan. Menurunya, lafadz tersebut diambil dari
akar kata al-qaru’u, yang berarti al-jam’u yaitu ‘‘penghimpunan’’. Dalam hal
ini al-Zajjaj mengemukakan contoh kalimat quri’a al-ma’u fi al-haudhi, yang
berarti ‘‘air itu dikumpulkan dalam kolam’’. Menurut al-Zajjaj, bahwa disebut
al-Qur’an karena didalamnya memuat kumpulan intisari dari Kitab-kitab suci
terdahulu. Sementara itu Ibn Atsir berpendapat bahwa disebut al-Qur’an karena
didalamnya memuat kumpulan kisah-kisah, amar ma’ruf nahi munkar, perjanjian,
ancaman, ayat-ayat dan surah-surah. Lebih lanjut ia mengatakan bahwa lafadz
al-Qur’an adalah bentuk masdar seperti kata ghufran dan kufran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
al-Lihyani, bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an ditulis dengan huruf hamzah (mahmuz)
ditengahnya dan mengikuti wazan ghufran. Lafadz al-Qur’an merupakan pecahan
(musytaq) dari akar kata qara’a, yang berarti tala (membaca). Menurutnya,
lafadz al-Qur’an adalah isim masdar dengan arti isim maf’ul, yaitu al-maqru’
yang berarti ‘ yang dibaca’’.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Dr. Subhi al-Shalih, setelah
menguraikan beberapa pendapat mengenai asal mula lafadz al-Qur’an tersebut
beserta argumentasi dari masing-masing golongan, menyimpulkan bahwa pendapat
yang lebih kuat adalah pendapat yang disebutkan terakhir, yaitu yang menyatakan
bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an adalah masdar dan muradif dengan lafadz qari’ah.
Demikian juga pendapat tersebut sesuai dengan kaidah pemecahan kata (isytiqaq)
dalam bahasa Arab. Pendapat ini sesuai dengan surah al-Qiyamah/75 : 17-18:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sesungguhnya
atas tanggungan Kamilah mengumpulkannya (ayat-ayat al- Qur’an itu didalam
dadamu) dan (membuat pandai) membacanya. Apabila kami telah selesai
membacakannya maka ikutilah baca’annya itu’’ (Q.S. al-Qiyamah/75:17-18).</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan pengertian al-Qur’an secara
terminologis banyak dikemukakan oleh para ulama dari berbagai disiplin ilmu,
baik disiplin ilmu bahasa, ilmu kalam, ushul fiqh, dan sebagainya dengan
redaksi yang berbeda-beda. Perbedaan ini sudah tentu disebabkan oleh karena
al-Qur’an mempunyai kekhususan-kekhususan, sehingga penekanan (stressing) dari
masing-masing ulama ketika mendefinisikan al-Qur’an berdasarkan kapasitas
keilmuan yang dimiliki, karena hendak mencari kekhasan al-Qur’an tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Dr. Subhi al-Shalih dalam
kitabnya Mabahis fi Ulum al-Qur’an, bahwa definisi al-Qur’an yang disepakati
oleh kalangan alhi bahasa, ahli kalam, ahli fiqh, ushul fiqh, adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’an
adalah firman Allah yang berfungsi sebagai mu’jizat, yang diturunkan kepada
Nabi Muhammad yang tertulis dalam mushaf-mushaf, yang diriwayatkan secara
mutawatir, dan membacanya merupakan ibadah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara itu al-Zarqani dalam
kitabnya Manahil al-Irfan fi Ulum, al-Qur’an mendefinisikan al-Qur’an dengan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lafadz yang
diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, mulai dari surah al-Fatihah sampai akhir
surat an-Nas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan Manna’
al-Qatthan dalam Mabahis fi Ulum al-Qur’an mendefinisikan al-Qur’an dengan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alqur’an adalah
kalam Allah yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, yang membacanya merupakan
suatu ibadah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selanjutnya Qatthan menjelaskan
definisi tersebut dengan menguraikan masing-masing item (kalimat) dari
pengertian diatas. Menurutnya, yang dimaksud dengan ‘‘ Kalam Allah’’) disini
adalah bukan seperti halnya kalam yang diucapkan manusia, jin, dan para
malaikat. Tetapi yang dimaksud dengan ‘‘kalam Allah’’ adalah firman-Nya yang
diturunkan kepada manusia agar manusia bisa mengamalkannya, dan kalam Allah itu
tidak terbatas luas jangkauannya, sebagaimana firman Allah, yang artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Katakanlah
: sekiranya lautan menjadi tinta untuk menuliskan firman Tuhanku, akan habislah
lautan sebelum firman Tuhanku habis ditulis; sekalipun Kami berikan tambahannya
sebanyak itu pula.(Q.S. al-Kahfi /18:109).</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan
seandainya pohon-pohon dibumi menjadi pena dan lautan menjadi tinta,
ditambahkan sesudahnya tujuh lautan lagi, niscaya kalam Allah tidak akan
habis-habisnya. (Q.S. Luqman/31 :27).</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dan yang dimaksud dengan ‘‘yang
diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad’’ disini adalah hanya membatasi kepada Nabi
Muhammad, tidak termasuk yang diturunkan kepada Nabi-Nabi sebelumnya, seperti
kitab Taurat untuk Nabi Musa A.S, Kitab Injil untuk Nabi Isa, kitab Zabur untuk
Nabi Daud AS, dan Suhuf untuk Nabi Ibrahim.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan kalimat ‘‘yang membacanya
merupakan ibadah’’ adalah bahwa membaca al-Qur’an mempunyai nilai ibadah, yang
dalam hal ini mengecualikan hadist-hadist Ahad dan hadist-hadist Qudsi, dimana
membaca hadist-hadist semacam ni tidak mengandung nilai ibadah. Membaca
al-Qur’an yang bernilai ibadah tersebut ada dua kategori : Pertama, harus
dibaca didalam shalat. Hal ini sebagaimana hadist Nabi yang diriwayatkan
Bukhari ‘‘Tidak(syah) shalat seseorang yang tidak membaca surat Al-Fatihah’’;
dan yang Kedua, bahwa pahala membaca al-Qur’an tidak sama dengan membaca yang
bukan al-Qur’an. Sebagaimana hadist yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam al-Turmudzi
dari Ibn Mas’ud, Nabi bersabda :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barang
siapa membaca satu huruf dari kitab Allah, ia mendapat kebaikan berlipat
sepuluh. Aku tidak berkata bahwa alif lam mim sama dengan satu huruf; tetapi
alif, satu huruf; lam, satu huruf dan mim satu huruf. ( HR. Tirmidzi).</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan Muhammad Ali al-Shabuni
dalam al-Tibyan fi Ulum al-Qur’an mendefinisikan al-Qur’an dengan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’an adalah
kalam Allah yang bersifat Mu’jizat yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW
melalui perantaraan malaikat Jibril dengan lafal dan maknanya dari Allah SWT,
yang dinukilkan secara mutawatir, membacanya merupakan ibadah, dimulai dengan
surah al-Fatihah dan diakhiri dengan surah an-Nas<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nampaknya dari berbagai definisi
al-Qur’an sebagaimana yang telah disebutkan diatas, kalau dilihat dari segi
redaksinya, maka definisi tersebut ada yang panjang dan ada pula yang pendek.
Semakin banyak sifat-sifat al-Qur’an yang dungkapkan, maka semakin panjang
rumusan definisi al-Qur’an itu, demikian juga sebaliknya. Bahkan ada yang
merumuskan definisi al-Qur’an dengan kalimat yang sangat pendek dengan
mengungkapkan satu diantara sekian banyak keistimewaan al-Qur’an, bahwa
‘‘al-Qur’an adalah kalam Allah yang berfungsi sebagai mu’jizat’’. Dengan
demikian, kalau definisi tentang al-Qur’an itu hendak dirumuskan kembali dengan
melihat sifat-sifat al-Qur’an tersebut, maka rumusan definisi al-Qur’an yang
paling jami’ dan mani’ adalah sebagaimana yang dirumuskan oleh Manna al-Qatthan
diatas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama Dan
Sifatnya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Allah SWT telah memilih untuk Kitab Suci
Islam ini dengan beberapa nama dan sifat (attribut), sebagaimana terdapat dalam
al-Qur’an dan sunnah Rasulullah. Diantara sekian banyak nama, yang paling
terkenal adalah al-Kitab dan al-Qur’an. Dinamakan al-Kitab karena memberi
pengertian bahwa wahyu itu dirangkum dalam bentuk tulisan yang merupakan
kumpulan huruf-huruf dan menggambarkan ucapan (lafadz). Sedangkan wahyu itu
dinamakan al-Qur’an karena memberikan pengertian bahwa wahyu itu tersimpan
didalam dada manusia, mengingat anam al-Qur’an sendiri berasal dari qira’ah,
dan didalam qira’ah terkandung makna ‘‘agar selalu ingat’’. Dan diantara dua
nama itu yang paling umum dikenal adalah al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penamaan al-Qur’an dengan dua nama
sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, memberikan isyarat bahwa al-Qur’an itu
terpelihara melalui dua bentuk, yaitu hafalan dan tulisan. Manakah salah satu
dari keduanya ada yang tidak benar, maka yang lainnya akan membenarkan dan
meluruskannya. Dengan demikian, seseorang tidak dapat hanya mengandalkan salah
satunya, yakni hafalan, namun ia juga harus mengacu kepada tulisan. Sehingga
masing-masing dari keduanya saling melengkapi dan saling menguji. Hal ini
sebagaimana yang telah dijanjikan Allah akan jaminan terpeliharanya al-Qur’an. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sesungguhnya
Kamilah yang telah menurunkan adz-Dzikr (al-Qur’an), dan sesungguhnya Kamilah
yang benar-benar akan menjaganya’’. (QS. Al-Hijr/15:9).</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selain
al-Kitab dan al-Qur’an, Allah juga telah memberi beberapa nama atau sifat
(attribut) lain bagi wahyu-Nya ini, misalnya adalah al-Furqan (pembeda antara
yang baik dan yang buruk, pembeda antara yang nyata dengan yang khayal),
al-Dzikr (pengingat atau pemberi peringatan), al-Tanzil (yang diturunkan) dan
beberapa atribut lainnya. Nama-nama dan atribut ini secara eksplisit memberi
indikasi bahwa al-Qur’an adalah Kitab Suci yang berdimensi banyak dan
berwawasan luas serta menunjukkan kemulian dan kesempurnaannya. Hal ini
sebagaimana dikatakan oleh al-Fairuz zabadi bahwa, banyaknya nama yang
diberikan kepada al-Qur’an menunjukkan kemuliaan dan kesempurnaan al-Qur’an,
yaitu untuk dijadikan pedoman dalam mengarungi kehidupan menuju suatu
kebahagiaan dan kesejahteraan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perbedaan
Al-Qur’an Dengan Hadits Qudsi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hadits
menurut bahasa artinya baru. Hadits juga secara bahasa berarti sesuatu yang di
bicarakan dan dinukil.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedang menurut Manna’ Khalil Qattan, hadis dalam arti bahasa lawan dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qadim </i>(lama). Dan yang dimaksud hadis
ialah setiap kata-kata yang diucapkan dan dinukil seta disampaikan oleh
manusia, maik kata-kata itu diperoleh melalui pendengaranya atau wahyu, baik
dalam keadaan sadar ataupun dalam keadaan tidur.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedang
secara istilah hadits adalah apa saja yang Disandarkan kepada Nabi SAW, baik
berupa perkataan, perbuatan dan persetujuan atau sifat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
Qudsi menurut bahasa dinisbatkan kepada kata Qudus yang artinya suci, yaitu
sebuah penisbatan yang menunjukkan adanya pengagungan dan pemuliaan atau
penyandaran kepada Dzat Allah yang Maha Suci.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
Hadits Qudsi Menurut istilah adalah apa yang disandarkan oleh Nabi dari
perkataan-perkataan beliau kepada Allah SWT.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan begitu dapat dikatankan bahwa hadis qudsi adalah wahyu Allah SWT kepada
Nabi Muhmmad SAW yang tidak termasuk Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perbedaan
Al-Qur’an dengan Hadits Qudsi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
perbedaan antara Hadits Qudsi dengan Al-Qur’an menurut syaikh manna’
al-qaththan diantaranya adalah: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran
itu lafazd dan maknanya dari Allah, sedang hadits qudsi maknanya dari Allah dan
lafazdnya dari Nabi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menbaca
al-qur’an termasuk ibadah dan mendapat pahala, sedang membaca hadits qudsi
bukan termasuk ibadah dan tidak mendapat pahala.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disyaratkan
mutawatir dalam periwayatan al-qur’an, sedang dalam hadits qudsi tidak.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
lebih terperinci dalam buku Studi Ilmu-ilmu Qur’an, Manna’ Khalil Al-Qattan menjelaskan
beberapa perbedaan antara Al-Qur’an dengan hadits qudsi yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’anul
karim adalah kalam Allah yang diwahyukan kepada Rasulullah dengan lafalnya, dan
dengan itu pula orang arab di tantang, tetapi mereka tidak mampu membuat
seperti al-qur’an itu, atau sepuluh surah yang serupa itu, bahkan satu surah
sekalipun. Tantangan itu tetap berlaku, Karen al-qur’an adalah mukjizat yang
abadi hingga hari kiamat. Sedang hadis qudsi tidak untuk menantang tidak pula
untuk mu’jizat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-qur’an
karim hanya di nisbahkan kepada Allah, sehingga dikatakan Allah ta’ala telah
berfirman. Sedanga hadits qudsi, seperti di jelaskan dia atas, terkadang
diriwayatkan dengan disandarkan kepada allah. Sehingga nisbah hadits qudsi
kepada Allah itu merupakan nisbah dibuatkan. Maka dikatakan: “Allah telah
berfirman atau Allah berfirman”. Terkadang pula diriwayatkan dengan disandarkan
kepada Rasulullah SAW, tetapi nisbahnya adalah nisbah kabar, karena nabi yang
menyampaikan hadits itu dari Allah. Maka dikatakan : Rasulullah SAW mengatakan
mengenai apa yang diriwayatkan dari tuhanya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seluruh
isi Al-Qur’an dinukil secara mutawatir, sehingga kepastiannya sudah mutlak.
Sedang hadis qudsi kebanyakan adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Khabar
Ahad, </i>sehingga kepastiannya masih merupakan dugaan. Ada kalanya hadits
qudsi itu sahih,terkadang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hasan</i>
(baik) dan terkadang pula <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">da’if </i>(lemah)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’anul
Karim Dari Allah, baik lafal maupun maknanya. Maka ia adalah wahyu baik dalam
lafal maupun maknanya. Sedang hadis qudsi maknanya saja yang dari Allah,
sedanga lafalnya dari Rassulullah SAW. Hadis qudsi adalah wahyu dalam makna
tetapi bukan dalam lafal, oleh sebab itu diperbolehkan meriwayatkan hadis qudsi
dengan maknanya saja.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membaca
Al-Qur’anul Karim merupakan ibadah, karena itu ia dibaca dalam sholat. Sedanga
hadis qudsi tidak disuruh membacanya dalam sholat. Allah memberikan pahala
memberikan pahala membaca hadis qudsi secara umum saja. Maka membaca hadis
qudsi tidak akan memperoleh pahala seperti yang disebutkan dalam hadis mengenai
membaca Qur’an bahwa pada setiap huruf mendapatkan pahala sepuluh kebaikan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan Sunnah
Dengan Al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian
Sunnah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian
sunnah menurut etimologi berarti tata cara.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
atau perilaku hidup, baik itu perilaku baik atau perilaku yang buruk. Sedangkan
menurut terminologi, terdapat beberapa pengertian diantaranya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
ahli-ahli hadis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
para ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadits, sunnah adalah sabda,
pekerjaan, ketetapan, sifat atau tingkah laku nabi Muhammad SAW baik sebelum
menjadi nabi maupun sesudahnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
ahli-ahli ushul fiqih</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah
menurut ahli ushul fiqih, adalah sabda nabi Muhammad SAW yang bukan berasala
dari Al-Qur’an, Pekerjaan, atau ketetapannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
ahli-ahli fiqih</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
para ahli fiqih (Fuqaha), sunnah adalah adalah hal-hal yang berasal dari nabi
Muhammad SAW baik ucapan maupun pekerjaan tetapi hal itu tidak wajib
dikerjakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jadi
dapat disimpulkan sunnah adalah sabda, pekerjaan, ketetapan, sifat nabi yang
mana kesemuanya itu tidak wajib untuk di kerjakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan
Sunnah dengan al-qur’an</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berkaitan
dengan hubungan sunnah dengan Al-Qur’an, Dr. Wahbah Al-Zuhaili menjelaskan
setidaknya ada tiga macan hubungan sunnah dengan Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah
memperkuat hukum syari’at Al-quran<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah
memperkokohsetipa perintah kewajiban yang termaktub dalam Al-Qur’an , seperti
mendirikan sholat, menunaikan zakat, puasa ramadhan, haji dan ibadah lainnya.
Juga memperkokoh larangan mempersekutukan Allah SWT dengan beribadah kepada
selainnya, bersaksi palsu, durhaka kepada orang tua, membunuh seorang tanpa
hak, dan memakai harta orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah
memperjelas keuniversalan Al-Qur’an dan menafsirkan ketetapan hukum Syari’atnya<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
sunnah Nabi Muhammad SAW adalah untuk menjelaskan keunuversalan Al-Qur’an yang
hanya menyampaikan secara umum saja seperti menjelaskan secara rinci bagaimana
cara sholat, manunaikan zakat, dan berhaji, menjelaskan sah dan tidaknya jual
beli, menjelaskan macam-macam riba dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah
mengaktulisasikan hukum Al-Qur’an<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maksud
dari sunnah mengaktualisasikan hukum Al-Qur’an ialah sunnah nabi menjelaskan
hukum dari sesuatu yang tidak ada penjelasannya dalam Al-Qur’an. Seperti
menyucikan bejana yang dijilat anjing, menyucikan kulit binatang dengan
menyamak, menyerukan bersiwak, tata cara melakukan hajat, menyerukan adzan dan
iqomah, sholat jenazah, sholat jamaah, sholat gerhana bulan dan matahari,
sholat dua ‘id dan lainnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maka
dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk memahami syari’at Allah yang terkandung dalam
Al-Qur’an dengan baik dan sempurna memerlukan sunnah Nabi untuk menjelaskannya.
Oleh karena itu Al-Quran dan sunnah keduanya saling berkaitan yang mana tidak
boleh meniadakan salah satunya sebagai sumber utama syariat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Berdasarkan Pembahasan Makalah ini, bahwa akar kata
Al Qur’an berasal dari bahasa Arab, yaitu akar kata dari Qara’a, yang berarti
‘‘Membaca’’. Al-Qur’an adalah bentuk isim masdar yang diartikan sebagai isim
maf’ul, yaitu maqru’ yang berarti ‘‘yang dibaca’’.Pendapat lain menyatakan
bahwa lafadz al-Qur’an yang berasal dari akar kata qara’a tersebut juga
memiliki arti al-Jam’u yaitu ‘‘mengumpulkan dan menghimpun’’. Jadi lafadz<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>qur’an dan qari’ah berarti mengumpulkan dan
menghimpun sebagian huruf-huruf dan kata-kata yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selanjutnya Sifat atau Nama Al Qur’an antara lain
al-Furqan (pembeda antara yang baik dan yang buruk, pembeda antara yang nyata
dengan yang khayal), al-Dzikr (pengingat atau pemberi peringatan), al-Tanzil
(yang diturunkan) dan beberapa atribut lainnya. Oleh Karena itu, Al Qur’an dapat
didefenisikan sebagai Kalam Allah yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW,
yang berfungsi sebagai Mu’jizat dan bagi yang membacanya merupakan suatu
ibadah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
Hadits Qudsi Menurut istilah adalah apa yang disandarkan oleh Nabi dari
perkataan-perkataan beliau kepada Allah SWT. Dengan begitu dapat dikatankan
bahwa hadis qudsi adalah wahyu Allah SWT kepada Nabi Muhmmad SAW yang tidak
termasuk Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maka
dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk memahami syari’at Allah yang terkandung dalam
Al-Qur’an dengan baik dan sempurna memerlukan sunnah Nabi untuk menjelaskannya.
Oleh karena itu Al-Quran dan sunnah keduanya saling berkaitan yang mana tidak
boleh meniadakan salah satunya sebagai sumber utama syariat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manna Khalil Al-Qattan, Studi Ilmu-Ilmu
Qur’an, (Bogor: Pustaka Litera Antar Nusa, 2006)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad Mustafa Azami, Hadis Nabawi dan
Sejarah Kodifikasinya, (Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 1994)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syaikh Manna Al-Qaththan, Pengantar Ilmu
Hadits, (Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wahbah Al-Zuhaili, Al-Qur’an dan
Paradigma Peradaban, (Yogyakarta: Dinamika, 1996)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 1.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br clear="all" />
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">……Belajar Al Qur’an. (……,……….., ……) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Syaikh Manna
Al-Qaththan, Pengantar Ilmu Hadits, (Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2005) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Manna Khalil
Al-Qattan, Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Qur’an, (Bogor: Pustaka Litera Antar Nusa, 2006) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Syaikh Manna
Al-Qaththan </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Manna Khalil
Al-Qattan </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Muhammad Mustafa Azami,
Hadis Nabawi dan Sejarah Kodifikasinya, (Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 1994) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>, h. 14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Wahbah Al-Zuhaili,
Al-Qur’an dan Paradigma Peradaban, (Yogyakarta: Dinamika, 1996) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-76638022034837812622015-12-29T13:55:00.004-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.580-08:00MUSYARAKAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">MUSYARAKAH</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Latar
Belakang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Islam sangat
menganjurkan kepada pemeluknya untuk memakukan aktisitas bisnis, untuk
memperoleh penghasilan guna mencukupi kebutuhan sehari baik itu untuk dirinya
sendiri atau untuk keluarganya, serta sebagai bekal dalam melaksanakan ibadah
kepada Allah SWT.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Berbagai
macam jenis usaha dapat dilaksanakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan, seperti bekerja
sebagai buruh, sebagai pengusaha atau sebagai investor yang kesemuanya
tergantung pada bidang keahlian yang dimiliki. Kesemuanya itu boleh dilakukan
selama tidak melanggar ketentuan agama yang dijelaskan dalam al-Qur’an dan
Hadis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
bentuk aktifitas ekonomi yang dapat dilakukan sebagai pengusaha yaitu <i>musyarokah.
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yakni perserikatan antara dua orang
atau lebih dalam usaha untuk memperoleh keuntungan dengan hasil ditanggung
bersama. Yang dalam makalah ini akan dibahas lebih lanjut mengenai musyarokah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun rumusan masalah dari makalah ini adalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apa yang
dimaksud dari Syirkah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apasaja rukun
dan syaratnya?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apasaja
macam-macam syirkah?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun tujuan dibuatnya makalah ini adalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Untuk
memenuhi tugas matakuliah Pengantar Fiqih Muamalah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai
tambahan wawasan keilmuan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BAB II</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pengertian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut
bahasa <i>Syirkah </i>berarti <i>al-ikhtilat</i> yang artinya campur atau
percampuran. Yakni percampuran harta antara dua orang sehingga tidak tidak
mungkin lagi dapat dibedakan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Secata
istilah para ulama berbeda pendapat pengertian yang dimaksud dengan <i>syirkah </i>yaitu:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut
Sayyid Sabiq, sirkah adalah akad anatara dua orang yang berserikat pada harta
dan keuntungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut
Muhammad al-Syarbini al-Khatib, yang dimaksud dengan <i>Syirkah</i> ialah
ketetapan hak pada sesuatu pada dua orang atau lebih dengan cara yang mashur
(diketahui)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut
Syihab al-Din al-Qalyubi wa Umira yang dimaksud dengan <i>syirkah </i>adalah
penetapan hak pada suatu bagi dua orang atau lebih.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut Imam
Taqiyyudin Abi Bakr Ibn Muhammad al-Husaini, yang dimaksud dengan <i>syirkah</i>
ialah Ibarat penetapan suatu hak pada sesuatu yang yang satu untuk dua orang
atau lebih dengan cara yang diketahui.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut Hasbi
Ash-Shiddieqie bahwa yang dimaksud denga syirkah, adalah akad yang berlaku
diantara dua orang atau lebih untuk ta’awun dalam bekerja pada suatu usaha dan
membagi keuntungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut Idris
Ahmad menyebutkan <i>syirkah </i>sama degan syarikat dagang yakni dua orang
atau lebih sama-sama berjanji akan bekerjasama dalam dagang, dengan menyerahkan
modal masing-masing dimana keuntungan dan kerugiannya diperhitungkan menurut
besar kecilnya modal masing-masing.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dari
definisi-definisi yang telah disampaikan oleh para ulama dapat diambil
kesimpulan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan <i>syirkah </i>adalah kerjasama antara
dua orang atau lebih dalam berusaha, yang keuntungan dan kerugiannya ditanggung
bersama.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hukum <i>Syirkah</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun
landasan kebolehannya melaksankan <i>syirkah</i> terdapat dalam al-Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>surah Shaad ayat 24:</span></div>
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.55pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjemahnya: … <i>dan Sesungguhnya
kebanyakan dari orang-orang yang berserikat itu sebahagian mereka berbuat zalim
kepada sebahagian yang lain, kecuali orang-orang yang beriman dan mengerjakan
amal yang saleh; dan Amat sedikitlah mereka ini</i> …<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dan juga
dalam hadis yakni:</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;">عَنْ ابِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَفَعَهُ قال: اِنَّ اللهِ تَعَالَى يَقُوْلُ اَنَا ثَا
لِثُ الشَرِيْكَيْنِ مَالَمْ يَخُنْ اَحَدُهُمَا صَاحِبَهُ فَاِنْ خَانَ اَحَدُ هُمَا
صَاحِبَهُ خَرَجْتُ مِنْ بَيْنِهِمَا(رواه ابوداو: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;">3383)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjemahnya: <i>Dari Abu Hurairah
sesunggungnya Allah Ta’ala Berfirman Aku ini ketiga dari dua orang yang
berserikat, selama salah seorang tidak menghianati temannya, apabila salah
seoarang telah berhianat terhadap temannya Aku keluar dari antara mereka.(Hadis
Riwayat Abu Daud: 3383)</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan dalil tersebut diatas maka
para ulama bersepakat perihal kebolehan melakukan <i>syirkah</i>, meskipun para
ulama berselisih perihal jenis-jenis <i>syirkah</i> yang dibolehkan<i>.</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rukun dan
Syarat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Rukun </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Para ulama
berbeda pendapat mengenai rukun dari <i>Syirkah</i>, menurut ulama Hanfiyah syarat
<i>syirkah</i> ada dua yakni ijab dan kabul, karena ijab kabul yang menentukan
adanya <i>syirkah</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan menurut Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri bahwa rukun <i>syirkan</i> adalah
pihak yang berserikat, <i>shighat</i> dan objek akad <i>syirkah</i> baik harta
maupun kerja.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syarat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun syarat dari <i>syirkah</i> menurut ulama
hanfiyah ada empat yakni:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sesuatu yang
berkaitan dengan semua bentuk <i>syirkah</i>, baik dengan harta maupun yang
lainnya. Dalam hal ini terdapat dua syarat yaitu; 1) yang berkenaan dengan
benda yang di adakan adalah harus dapat diterima sebagai perwakilan, 2) yang
berkenaan dengan keuntungan, yaitu pembagian keuntungan harus jelas dan dapat
diketahui dua pihak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sesuatu yang
berkaitan dengan <i>syirkah</i> <i>mall</i> (harta), dalam hal ini terdapat dua
perkara yang harus dipenuhi 1) yakni objek yang dapat dijadikan akad <i>syirkah</i>
adalah alat pembayaran 2) yang dijadikan modal ada ketika akad <i>syirkah</i>
dilaksankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sesuatu yang
berkaitan dengan syarikat mufawadhah, bahwa dalam mufawadhah disyaratkan 1)
modal harus sama, 2) bagi yang bersyirkah ahli untuk kafalah, 3) yang dijadikan
objek akad disyaratkan syirkah umum, yakni pada semua macam jual beli atau
perdaganngan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syarat yang
berkaitan dengan syirkah <i>inan </i>sama dengan syarat-syarat syirkah
mufawadah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sedang syarat
yang berkaitan dengan orang yang melakukan akad menurut mazhab malikiyah ialah
merdeka, balligh dan pintar (<i>rusyd</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut ulama
syafi’iyah <i>syirkah</i> yang sah hukumnya hanyalah syirkah inan, sedangkan
yang lain dinyatakan batal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun
syarat-syarat syirkah menurut Idris Ahmad sebagaimana dijelaskan yakni:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mengeluarkan
kata-kata yang menunjukkan izin masing-masing anggota serikat kepada pihak yang
akan mengendalikan harta itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Anggota
serikat saling mempercayai, Karen masing-masing mereka adalah wakil yang
lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mencampurkan
harta sehingga tidak dapat dibedakan hak masing-masing, baik berupa mata uang ataupun
bentuk lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Macam-Macam
Syirkah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah
terebagi menjadi dua macam yakni syirkah amlak dan syirkah uqud. Syirkah amlak
adalah syirkah yang bersifat memaksa dalam hokum positif, sedang syirkah uqud
adalah syirkah yang bersifat ikhtiariyah. Adapun penjelasan lebih lanjut
mengenai syirkah amlak dan syirkah uqud sebagai berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah Amlak</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ialah <i>syirkah</i>
antara dua orang atau lebih yang memiki barang tanpa memiki akad. Syirkah ini
terbagi menjadi dua macam yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah Ikhtiyari</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (sukarela)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah iktiyari adalah syirkah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disebabkan adanya kontran dari dua orang yang
bersekutu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah Ijbari</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (paksaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>ijbari</i> adalah <i>syirkah</i> yang
ditetapkan kepada dua orang atau lebih yang bukan didasarkan atas perbuatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hukum kedua
jenis <i>syirkah</i> ini adalah salah seorang yang berekutu seolah-olah sebagai
orang lain dihadapan yang bersekutu lainnya. Oleh karena itu, salah seorang
diantara mereka tidak boleh mengolah harta <i>syirkah</i> tersebut tanpa izin
dari rekan <i>syirkah</i>nya, karena keduanya tidak mempunyai wewenang untuk
menentukn bagian masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>Uqud</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> ini merupakan bentuk transaksi yang terjadi antara
dua orang atau lebih untuk bersekutu dalam harta dan keuntungannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut ulama
hanabilah, <i>syirkah</i> ini terbagi menjadi lima yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>inan</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>mufawidhah</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>abdan</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>wujuh</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>mudharabah</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ulama Hanafiyah
membaginya menjadi enam macam, yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>amwal</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>a’mal</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>wujuh</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Masing-masing
dari ketiga bentuk ini terbagi menjadi <i>mufawidah</i> dan ‘<i>inan</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Secara umum
ulama syfi’I dan maliki dari mesir berpendapat bahwa <i>syirkah</i> terbagi
menjadi empat macan yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>inan</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>mufawidhah</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>abdan</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>wujuh</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ulama fiqih bersepakat
perihal kebolehannya <i>syirkah</i> <i>inan</i>, sedangkan <i>syirkah</i> yang
lainnya masih diperselisihkan kebolehannya. Adapun pengertian dari
masing-masing syirkah adalah sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>Inan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah inan
ialah persekutuan antara dua orang dalam harta milik untuk berdagang
bersama-sama dan membagi laba atau kerugian bersama-sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Para fuqoha
bersepakat tentang bolehnya syirkah inan. Sirkah inan ini banyak dilkukan
karena tidak disyaratkan adanya kesamaan modal dan pengelolaan, juga dalam
pembagian hasil dibolehkan berbeda tergantung pada kesepakatan yang telah
dibuat secara bersama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>Mufawidhah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">secara bahasa
mufawidah artinya persamaan. Dinamakan mufauwidah karena harus ada kesamaan
dalam modal, keuntungan, serta bentuk kerjasama lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sedangkan menurut
istilah <i>mufawwidah</i> adalah kesepakatan dua orang atau lebih untuk
melakukan perserikatan dengan persyaratan memiliki kesamaan dalam jumlah modal,
keuntungan, pengelolaan serta agama yang dianut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dengan
demikian, setiap pihak akan menjamin pihak lainnya, baik dalam penjualan
ataupun pembelian. Pihak-pihak yang berserikat tersebut saling mengisi dalam
hak dan kewajibannya, yakni masing-masing menjadi wakil yang lain aatau menjadi
pihak yang diwakili oleh pihak lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>Abdan</i>/ <i>Syirkah A’mal<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>abdan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
yaitu pesekutuan dua orang untuk menerima pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan secara
bersama-sama. Dan keuntungan dibagi diantara keduanya dengan syarat-syarat
tertentu sesuai dengan kesepakatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ulama
Malikiyah menberikan syarat untuk <i>syirkah</i> ini yakni, 1) usaha yang
dlakukan harus sama, 2) usaha boleh berbeda bila masih ada keterkaitannya satu
dengan yang lainnya, 3) keduanya harus berada di tempat yang sama, 4) pembagian
keuntungan didasarkan pada kadar pekerjaan yang dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>Wujuh<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <i>wujuh<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
adalah persekutuan dua pemimpin dalam pandangan masyarakat tanpa modal, untuk
membeli barang tidak secara tunai dan menjuanya secara tunai, kemudian
keuntungannya dibagi diantara keduanya dengan syarat tertentu sesuai dengan
kesepakatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penamaan <i>wujuh</i>
karena tidak akan terjadi jual beli secara tidak kontan jika kedunya tidak
dianggap pemimpin dalam pandangan manusia secara adat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam hal
pembagian keuntungan, hendaklah dihitung berdasarkan perkiraan dalam hal
kepemilikan, tidak boleh lebih dari itu sebab persekutuan ini didasarkan pada
tanggung jawab pada barang dagangan yang mereka beli, baik denga harta maupun
dengan pekerjaan. Dengan demikian, keuntungan harus didasarkan atas tanggung
jawab dan tidak boleh melebihi kadar tanggungan masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pembagian Hasil
Usaha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pembagian
hasil usaha baik itu keuntungan ataupun kerugian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan berdasarkan presentasi modal yang
di sertakan dalam <i>syirkah</i>. Semakin besar presentasi modal yang
disertakan dalan <i>syirkah</i> maka semakin besar pula pembagian yang
diperoleh.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Berakhirnya <i>Syirkah</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Syirkah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> akan berakhir apabila terjadi hal-hal berikut ini:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
pihak membatalkan kesepakatannya meskipun tanpa persetujuan dari pihak yang
lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
pihak kehilangan kemampuan dalam <i>bertasharruf</i> (keahlian mengelola harta)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
pihak meninggal dunia, namun bila yang bersyirkah lebih dari dua orang, maka
yang berakhir hanya yang meninggal saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah
satupihak berada dalam pengampuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
pihak mengalami kebangrutan yang mengakibatkan tidak lagi menguasai harta yang
menjadi saham <i>syirkah</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Modal para
pihak yang ber<i>syirkah</i> hilang sebelum terjadi percampuran harta hingga
tidak dapat dipisah-pisahkan lagi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Menurut bahasa <i>Syirkah </i>berarti <i>al-ikhtilat</i> yang artinya
campur atau percampuran. Yakni percampuran harta antara dua orang sehingga
tidak tidak mungkin lagi dapat dibedakan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sedang secara istilah, dimaksud dengan <i>syirkah </i>adalah kerjasama
antara dua orang atau lebih dalam berusaha, yang keuntungan dan kerugiannya
ditanggung bersama sesuia dengan kesepakatan diantara yang berserikat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Terlepas dari perbedaan pendapat diantara para ulama, secara umum ulama
berpendapat bahwa <i>syirkah</i> terbagi menjadi empat macan yakni: <i>syirkah</i>
<i>inan</i>, <i>syirkah</i> <i>mufawidhah</i>, <i>syirkah</i> <i>abdan</i>, dan
<i>syirkah</i> <i>wujuh.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun rukun <i>syirkah </i>yakni pihak yang berserikat, <i>shighat</i>
dan objek akad <i>syirkah</i> baik harta maupun kerja. Sedangkan syarat syirkah
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu: 1) berkaitan dengan bentuk <i>syirkah</i>
yakni benda yang yang diadakan harus dapat diterimakan sebagai perwakilan dan
keuntungan harus jelas pembagiannya serta diketahui kedua pihak, 2) berkaitan
dengan <i>syirkah</i> harta yakni objek yang dapat dijadikan akad syirkah
adalah alat pembayaran dan ada ketika akad dilakukan 3) berkaitan dengan
syarikat mufawadhah yakni modal harus sama, bagi yang bersyirkah ahli untuk
kafalah, dan objek akad disyaratkan syirkah umum, 4) berkaitan dengan syirkah <i>inan
</i>sama dengan syarat-syarat <i>syirkah</i> mufawadah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen Haji dan Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi
Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek Percetakan Al Qur’an
Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>,
(Jakarta: raja Grafindo Persada, 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum</i>, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2006)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i>
(Kamaluddin, A. Marzuki) Fikih Sunnah (Bandung: al-Ma’arif Bandung, 1988)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunan Abu Daud Juz 2, (Beirut: Dar
al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah: 1996)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br clear="all" />
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, (Jakarta: raja Grafindo Persada, 2007) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek
Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sunan Abu Daud Juz 2,
(Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah: 1996) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih
Sunnah 13,</i> (Kamaluddin, A. Marzuki) Fikih Sunnah (Bandung: al-Ma’arif
Bandung, 1988) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum</i>, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2006) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ulama berbeda
pendapat mengenai kebolehan dari <i>syirkah</i> <i>abdan</i> ini, ulama Malikiyah,
Hanbilah dan Zaidiyah membolehkan dengan alasan bahwa tujuan dari perserikatan
adalah mendapat keuntungan, sebab perserikatan tidak hanya dapat terjadi pada harta
namun juga pada pekerjaan, seperti dalam mudharabah. Sedangkan ulama Syafi’iyah,
Imamiyah dan Zafar dari golongan Hanafiyah berpendapat bahwa <i>syirkah</i>
seperti ini tidak sah, karena <i>syirkah</i> dikhususkan pada harta dan bukan
pada pekerjaan. Dengan alasan <i>syirkah</i> dalam pekerjaan mengandung unsur
penipuan karena salah seorang yang melakukan persekutuan tidak mengetahui
temannya bekerja atau tidak, sealin itu juga kedua orang tersebut dapat berbeda
dalam postur tubuh, aktivitas dan kemampuannya. Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rahmat
Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN,
STAIN, PTAIS Dan Umum,</i></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ulam berbeda pendapat
mengenai kebolehan <i>syirkah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wujuh
ini, ulama Hanafiyah, Hanabilah, Zaidiyah membolehkan perserikatan jenis ini
sebab mengandung unsur adanya perwakilan seorang kepada rekannya dalam
penjualan dan pembelian. Sedangka ulama Syafi’iyah, Malikiyah, Zhahiriyah,
Imamiyah, Laits, Abu Sulaiman dan Abu Tsun, berpendapat bahwa perserikatan
semacam ini tidak karena perserikatan jenis ini tidak memiliki unsur modal dan
pekerjaan yang harus ada dalam suatu perserikatan. Rahmat Syafe’I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fiqih Muamalah Untuk UIN, STAIN, PTAIS Dan
Umum,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-64713179080378716172015-12-27T14:09:00.001-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.622-08:00ISTISHAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISTISHAB</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam hukum
Islam terdapat dua ketentuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">landasan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hukum yaitu
yang disepakati dan yang tidak disepakati. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">landasan
hukum yang di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sepakati </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh para
ulama</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yaitu Al-Qur’an dan
As-Sunnah, Ijma’, dan Qiyas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan landdasan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> hukum Islam yang tidak disepakati salah satu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">nya adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i><span lang="EN-GB">Istishab</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> sendiri
adalah dalil syar’i terakhir yang dapat digunakan sebagai rujukan oleh mujtahid
untuk mengetahui hukum dari permasalahn yang dihadapinya apabila tidak terdapat
penjelasan dalam al-Qur’an dan as-sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam peristilahan ahli ushul, <i>istishab
</i>berarti menetapkan hukum menurut keadaan yang terjadi sebelumnya sampai ada
dalil yang mengubahnya. Dalam ungkapan lain, ia diartikan juga sebagai upaya
menjadikan hukum peristiwa yang ada sejak semula tetap berlaku hingga peristiwa
berikutnya, kecuali ada dalil yang mengubah ketentuan itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa pengertian
istishab?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
kedudukan istishab?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja
macam-macam istishab?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memenuhi
tugas mata kuliah qowaidul dan ushul fiqh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan
diskusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai tambahan
wawasan keilmuan.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian <i>Istishab</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara bahasa <i>istishab</i> berasal dari bahasa
arab yang maknanya yaitu adanya hubungan perkawinan. Sedangkan secara istilah,
menurut ulama ushul yaitu menetapkan sesuatu menurut keadaan sebelumya sehingga
terdapat dalil yang menunjukkan perubahan keadaan, atau menjadikan hukum yang
telah ditetapkan pada masa lalu secara kekal menurut keadaan sehingga terdapat
dalil yang menunjukkan atas perubahannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapat lainnya mengenai <i>istisha</i>b yakni,
menurut al-Asnawi <i>istishab</i> adalah penetapan hukum berdasarkan adanya
sesuatu pada masa kini berdasarkan adanya sesuatu tersebut pada masa yang telah
lalu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menurut Abdur Rahman I. Doi <i>istishab</i> adalah dugaan dalam hukum
pembuktian sehingga suatu keadaan masalah yang diketahui pada masa lalu terus
ada sampai kebalikannya dapat terbukti.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan pengertian <i>istishab </i>menurut al-Syaukani adalah apa yang telah
ditetapkan pada masa lalu, pada dasarnya masih dapat dilestarikan pada masa
yang akan datang selama tidak didapai sesuatu yang mengubahnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwasanya <i>istishab</i>
adalah penetapan hukum atas sesuatu berdasarkan ketetapan hukum yang terdaulu,
sampai adanya dalil yang dapat membuktikan perubahan hukumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan <i>Istishab</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
landasan dari <i>istishab</i> menurut Abdul Wahhab Khallaf adalah firman Allah
dalam Surah al-Baqarah ayat 29 yakni:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Dia-lah
Allah, yang menjadikan segala yang ada di bumi untuk kamu</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>(al-Baqarah:
29)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ayat yang lainnya Allah juga berfirman:</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span>Terjemahnya: <i>Dan Dia telah menundukkan untukmu
apa yang di langit dan apa yang di bumi semuanya, (sebagai rahmat)
daripada-Nya. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat
tanda-tanda (kekuasaan Allah) bagi kaum yang berfikir.</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(al-Jaatsiyah:
13)</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span>Terjemahnya: <i>Tidakkah kamu perhatikan
Sesungguhnya Allah telah menundukkan untuk (kepentingan)mu apa yang di langit
dan apa yang di bumi dan menyempurnakan untukmu nikmat-Nya lahir dan batin. dan
di antara manusia ada yang membantah tentang (keesaan) Allah tanpa ilmu
pengetahuan atau petunjuk dan tanpa kitab yang memberi penerangan</i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>(Luqman:
20)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam beberapa ayat tesebut diatas Allah menjelaskan
bahwasanya apa yang ada di langit dan bumi semuanya untuk manusia, dan tidaklah
apa yang ada di langit dan bumi itu dijadikan dan ditaklukkan untuk manusia,
kecuali hal itu diperbolehkan bagi manusia karena seandainya itu dilarang,
niscaya bukan untuk manusia semua itu diciptakan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Ulama
Terhadap<i> Istishab</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulama berbeda pendapat mengenai kebolehan <i>istishab</i>
sebagai metode <i>ijtihad</i> ketika tidak ada keterangan dalam dalil al-Qur’an
dan sunnah. Ada yang menerima dan ada pula yang menolaknya. Ulama yang menerima
<i>istishab</i> sebagai metode penetapan hukum memberikan argumen sebagai
berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah
nyata terjadi <i>ijma’</i> mengenai perihal ketidakbolehan shalat seseorang
yang sejak semula sudah ragu apakah ia sudah mempunyai wudhu atau belum. Lalu
apabila seseorang ragu apakah masih mempunyai wudhu atau tidak, maka ia
ditetapkan masih mempunyai wudhu dan boleh shalat. Dengan demikian, keadaan
awal harus dijadikan patokan, apabila mempunyai wudhu keadaan ini yang berlaku
dan apabila tidak mempunyai wudhu keadaan ini pula yang berlaku. Sekiranya
tidak demikian cara menetapkannya, tentu akan bertentangan dengan <i>ijma’</i>.
Cara menetapkan hukum yang demikian itu merupakan wujud dari <i>istishab</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para
ahli pikir dan ‘<i>urf</i> meyakini eksisnya sesuatu atau tidak eksisnya
sesuatu dengan kondisi tertentu, membolehkan penetapan putusan pada masa
kemudian dari masa eksis atau tidak eksisnya sesuatu itu. Maka mereka
menetapkan kebolehan berkorespondensi dengan orang yang semula diketahui eksis
dirinya, tetapi hilang untuk waktu yang lama, dan diakui pula efektifnya <i>wadiah</i>
dan <i>rahn</i> orang yang bersangkutan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hal ini jelas menunjukkan prinsip <i>istishab</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aturan
–aturan hukum <i>syara’</i> yang pernah ada pada masa Rasulullah, juga berlaku
bagi kita yang hidup setelah masa tersebut. Jadi kita juga terkena <i>taklif</i>
aturan aturan tersebut. Hal demikian didasarkan atas logika prinsip <i>istishab</i>,
yakni yang sudah ada tetap diakui ada sebagaimana adanya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan
ragu yang timbul terhadap akad perkawinan mengimplikasikan haramnya si
laki-laki berhubungan terhdap si perempuan, si laki-laki itu ragu apakah telah
berakad atas si perempuan itu atau tidak. Keadaan ragu yang timbul terhadap
talak tidak menyebabkan haranya si suami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggauli si istri, si suami ragu apakah telah mentalak istrinya atau
tidak. Dalam dua kasusus sesungguhnya tidak ada yang berbeda. Pada kasus
pertama terjadi <i>istishab</i> terhadap kondisi yang ada yakni ketiadaan akad
sebelum timbul keraguan. Sedangkan pada kasus kedua terjadi <i>istishab</i>
pada kondisi yang ada yakni adanya akad. Sekiranya <i>istishab</i> tidak
menunjukkan adanya dugaan yang kuat atas keterus berlakuan tentu hukum dari
kedua itu sama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun ulama yang menolak <i>istishab</i> sebagai
metode <i>ijtihad</i> memberikan argumen sebagai berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah
ada <i>ijma’</i> bahwa keterangan yang bersifat menetapkan harus di
prioritaskan daripada keterangan yang bersifat mengingkari. Maksudnya adalah
sekiranya yang menjadi kaidah pokok itu adalah sifat lestarinya sesuatu maka
keterangan yang bersifat mengingkari itu, karena berlawanan dengan kaidah pokok
tersebut maka lebih layak untuk diprioritaskan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksisnya
hukum pada masa berikutnya itu tidak ditunjukkan oleh suatu dalil, dan
penetapan hukum tanpa dalil sama sekali kesiasian, oleh karenanya <i>istishab</i>
bukan <i>hujjah</i> yang <i>syar’iyyah</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
fiqh mazhab syafi’i, tindakan membayar kafarah dengan cara memerdekakan budak
yang hilang, tidaklah sah secara <i>syar’iy</i> dan sekiranya yang menjadi
kaidah pokok itu adalah sifat lestarinya sesuatu, tentu tindakan membayar <i>kafarah</i>
dengan cara demikian itu sah hukumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan menurut al-Syaukani terdapat beberapa
pendapat ulama <i>ushul</i> yaitu:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dapat dijadikan
sebagai alasan hukum secara mutlak. Inilah pendapat ulama Malikiyyah, mayoritas
ulama Syafi’iyyah, ulama Hanabilah, dan ulama Zahiriyyah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> tidak dapat dijadikan
sebagai alasan hukum, karena untuk menetapkan suatu hukum harus dengan dalil,
hukum yang ditetapkan pada masa lalu tidak dengan dalil tidak dapat
dilestarikan sampai sekarang, dan mujtahid sekarang harus berijtihad menetapkan
hukumya dengan metode-metode lain. Inilah pendapat ulama Hanafiyyah dan ulama
kalam, diataranya Abu al-Husain al-Bashri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> hanya berlaku dalam
hubungan seorang mujtahid dengan Tuhannya, karena ketika seorang mujtahid tidak
mendapatkan dalil suatu hukum, maka hukum yang telah ada merupakan rujukan
maksimal baginya, tetapi itu hanya berlaku sebagai pegangan bagi mujtahid itu
sendiri, bukan sebagai alasan dalam penetapan hukum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> hanya dapat
diberlakukan untuk menafikan suatu kasus, bukan untuk menetapkan hukumnya.
Disebutkan oleh al-Kayya bahwa ini adalah pendapat ulama <i>muta’akkhirin</i>
Hanafiyyah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> hanya dapat dipakai
untuk men-tarjih hukum suatu kasus. Menurut Abu Ishaq, inilah pendapat yang sah
dari al-Syafi’i, tetapi al-Syafi’i tidak menggunakanya sebagai alasan hukum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> boleh digunakan secara
mutlak untuk menafikan suatu hukum, tetapi jika dipakai untuk menetapkan hukum
baru, dalam hal ini ada yang membolehkan dan ada pula yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang memandang tidak boleh, tergantung pada
bentuk <i>istisha</i>b yang ingin diterapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Syaukani
memandang istishab merupakan salah satu metode ijtihad untuk mendapatkan suatu
ketentuan hukum. Akan tetapi al-Syaukani tidak dapat menerima segala bentuk
istishab. Ia hanya menerima dua bentuk istishab yakni, pertama <i>Istishab</i>
yang ditunjukkan oleh akal dan syara’ kebolehan pelestarian dan
pemberlakuannya. kedua <i>Istishab al’adam al-ashli </i>atau disebut juga <i>bara’ah
al-adzimmah</i>, yakni kebebasan asli yang dimiliki oleh manusia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip
Istishab</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para ulama ushul menetapkan beberapa kaidah umum
yang didasarkan pada metode istishab, yakni sebagai berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asal
sesuatu itu adalah ketetapan yang telah ada menurut keadaan, semula, sehingga
terdapat ketetapan sesuatu yang mengubahnya.</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اَلْاَصْلُ بَقَاءَ مَاكَانَ عَلى
مَاكَانَ حَتَّى يَثْبُتَ مَايُغَيِّرُهُ</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asal
segala sesutu adalah kebolehan</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اَلْاَاصْلُ فِي الْاَشْيَاءِ
الْاِبَاحَةُ</span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang tetap karena keyakinan tidak akan hilang karena keraguan</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">مَايَثْبُتُ بِالْيَقِيْنِ لَايَزُوْلُ
بِالشَّكِّ</span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asal
pada manusia adalah kebebasan.</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">اَلْاَصْلُ فِي الْاِ نْسَانِ الْبَرَا
ءَةُ</span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam
Istishab</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para ulama ushul Fiqih mengemukakan bahwa istishab
itu ada lima macam, Yaitu:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab hukm al- ibahah al ashliyah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Maksudnya, menetapkan hukum sesuatu yang bermanfaat bagi manusia adalah boleh,
selama belum ada dalil yang menunjukkan keharamannya. Contohnya: seluruh
pepohonan yang ada dihutan merupakan milik bersama manusia dan masing-masing
berhak menebang dan mengambil manfaatkan pohon dan buahnya, sampai pada bukti
yang menunjukkan bahwa hutan itu telah menjadi milik orang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab Al-Bara`at Al Ashliyat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Yaitu kontinuitas hukum dasar ketiadaan berdasarkan argumentasi rasio dalam
konteks hukum-hukum syar’i. Maksudnya memberlakukan kelanjutan status ketiadaan
dengan adanya peniadaan yang dibuat oleh akal lantaran tidak adanya dalil
syar’i yang menjelaskannya. Dalam objektivitasnya, istishab tersebut
bereferensi kepada hukum akal dalam hukum ibadah atau <i>baraatul ashliyah</i>
(kemurnian menurut aslinya). Akal menetapkan bahwa dasar hukum pada segala yang
diwajibkan adalah dapat diwajibkan sesuatu, kecuali apabila datang dalil yang
tegas mewajibkannya. Contoh: hukum wudhu seseorang dianggap berlangsung terus
sampai adanya penyebab yang membatalkannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab Al-‘Umumi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. <i>Istishab</i>
terhadap dalil yang bersifat umum sebelum datangnya dalil yang mengkhususkannya
dan <i>istishab </i>dengan nash selama tidak ada dalil yang nash (yang
membatal-kannya). Suatu nash yang umum mencakup segala yang dapat dicakup
olehnya sehingga datang suatu nash lain yang menghilangkan tenaga pencakupannya
itu dengan jalan <i>takhsish</i>. Atau sesuatu hukum yang umum, tidaklah
dikecualikan sesuatupun daripadanya, melainkan dengan ada suatu dalilyang
khusus. Contohnya: kewajiban puasa yang berlaku bagi umat sebelum Islam, tetap
wajib wajib bagi umat Islam (QS.Al-Baqarah : 183) selama tidak ada nash lain
yang membatalkannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab An-Nashshi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(<i>Istishab Maqlub</i>/Pembalikan). Yaitu istishab pada kondisi sekarang dalam
menentukan status hukum pada masa lampau, sebab istishab pada bentuk-bentuk
sebelumnya, merupakan penetatapan sesuatu pada masa kedua berdasarkan
ketetapannya pada masa pertama lantaran tidak ditemukannya dalil secara
spesifik. Urgensinya, dalam suatu dalil (nash) terus-menerus berlaku sehingga
di-nasakh-kan oleh sesuatu nash, yang lain. Contoh: kasus adanya seseorang yang
sedang dihadapkan pertanyaan, apakah Muhammad kemarin berada di tempat
ini?,padahal kemarin ia benar-benar melihat Muhammad disini. Maka ia jawab,
benar ia berada disini kemarin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab Al-Washfi Ats-Tsabiti.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Sesuatu yang telah diyakini adanya, atau tidak adanya masa yang telah lalu,
tetaplah hukum demikian sehingga diyakini ada perubahannya. Disebut pula dengan
<i>istishabul madhi bilhali</i> yakni menetapkan hukum yang telah lalu sampai
kepada masa sekarang. Yaitu istishab terhadap hukum yang dihasilkan dari ijma’
dalam kasus yang dalam perkembangannya memicu terjadinya perselisihan pendapat.
Contoh: Kasus orang yang bertayamum, dalam pertengahan shalat melihat air.
Menurut ijma’ ditetapkan shalatnya tidak batal, keabsahan shalat itu ditentukan
sebelum melihat air. Hal ini menunjukkan pula pada keberlanjutan ketetapan
hukum, sampai ditemukan adanya dalil yang menunjukkan batalnya penetapan
tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah penetapan hukum atas sesuatu berdasarkan ketetapan hukum yang terdaulu,
sampai adanya dalil yang dapat membuktikan perubahan hukumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istishab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> sendiri
adalah dalil syar’i terakhir yang dapat digunakan sebagai rujukan oleh mujtahid
untuk mengetahui hukum dari permasalahn yang dihadapinya apabila tidah terdapat
penjelasan dalam al-Qur’an dan as-sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ulama berbeda pendapat mengenai
kebolehan <i>istishab</i> sebagai metode <i>ijtihad</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketika
tidak ada keterangan dalam dalil al-Qur’an dan sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asmawi,
<i>Perbandingan Ushul Fiqh</i>, (Jakarta: Amzah, 2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen
Haji dan Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah:
Komplek Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412
H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Doi,
Abdur Rahman I., <i>Syari’ah kodifikasi Hukum Islam</i>, terj. Basri Iga
Asghari dan Wadi Masturi, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1993)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://seaskystone.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/makalah-fiqih-ilmu-ushul-fiqih-istihsan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://seaskystone.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/makalah-fiqih-ilmu-ushul-fiqih-istihsan.html</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kallaf,
Abdul Wahhab, <i>Kaidah-kaidah Hukum Islam: Ilmu Ushul Fiqh</i>, terj. Noer
Iskandar al-Barsany dan Moch. Tolchah Mansoer, (Jakarta: raja grafindo Persada,
2000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rusli,
Nasrun, <i>Konsep Ijtihad al-Syaukani; Relevansinya Bagi Pembaharuan hukum
Islam di Indonesia</i>, (Jakarta: Logos, 1999)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Wahhab Kallaf, <i>Kaidah-kaidah
Hukum Islam: Ilmu Ushul Fiqh</i>, terj. Noer Iskandar al-Barsany dan Moch.
Tolchah Mansoer, (Jakarta: raja grafindo Persada, 2000) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asmawi, <i>Perbandingan Ushul
Fiqh</i>, (Jakarta: Amzah, 2011) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>Syari’ah
kodifikasi Hukum Islam</i>, terj. Basri Iga Asghari dan Wadi Masturi, (Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta, 1993) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Nasrun Rusli, <i>Konsep Ijtihad
al-Syaukani; Relevansinya Bagi Pembaharuan hukum Islam di Indonesia</i>, (Jakarta:
Logos, 1999) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan Wakaf
Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek
Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan Wakaf
Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan Wakaf
Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Wahhab Kallaf, <i>Kaidah-kaidah
Hukum Islam: Ilmu Ushul Fiqh</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asmawi, <i>Perbandingan Ushul
Fiqh</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asmawi, <i>Perbandingan Ushul
Fiqh</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Nasrun Rusli, <i>Konsep Ijtihad
al-Syaukani; Relevansinya Bagi Pembaharuan Hukum Islam di Indonesia</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Wahhab Kallaf, <i>Kaidah-kaidah
Hukum Islam: Ilmu Ushul Fiqh</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <a href="http://seaskystone.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/makalah-fiqih-ilmu-ushul-fiqih-istihsan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://seaskystone.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/makalah-fiqih-ilmu-ushul-fiqih-istihsan.html</span></a>,
diakses pada rabu 23 Desember 2015 jam 04:46</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-77590302552107032392015-12-23T14:36:00.001-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.660-08:00Ingkar Sunnah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> INGKAR SUNNAH</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">BAB I</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">PENDAHULUAN</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada abad ke 2 Hijriyah muncul
pihak-pihak yang mengingkai hadits sebagai hujjah. Ada yang menolak hadits
mutawatir ataupun ahad, ada pula yang mengingkari as-Sunnah yang tidak
memberikan penjelasan atau memperkuat Al-Qur’an, bahkan ada yang menolak hadits
sebagai sumber hukum. Hal ini muncul karena ada anggapan bahwa Al-Qur’an saja
sudah cukup untuk menjadi sumber hukum.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini didasarkan pada Q.S Al-An’am : 38<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“…Tidaklah kami alpakan sesuatu pun dalam
al-Kitab…”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dan
Q.S An-Nahl : 89<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“...Dan kami turunkan kepadamu al-Kitab
(al-Qur’an) untuk menjelaskan segala sesuatu….”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut mereka, dengan dua ayat ini,
Allah menegaskan bahwa dia telah menerangkan dan memerinci segala sesuatu
sehingga tidak perlu keterangan lain seperti Sunnah. Seandainya Al-Qur’an belum
lengkap, apa maksud dari ayat tersebut? Sekiranya demikian, berarti Allah menyalahi
pemberitaannya sendiri. Hal ini sangatlah mustahil. Padahal menurut para ulama,
kedua ayat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Al-Qur’an mencakup segala sesuatu yang
berkenaan dengan urusan agama, hukum-hukumnya dan dunia akhirat. Jika
ditelusuri, sejak zaman Asy-Syafi’i sudah ada pengingkar Sunnah, hal ini
terbukti dari kitab-kitabnya yang terdapat sanggahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
pengertian dari ingkar sunnah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
sejarah kemunculan inkar sunnah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
saja Argumentasi kelompok?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
kelemahan faham (ajaran) ingkar sunnah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
ajaran pokok dalam ingkar sunnah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
bantahan para ulama?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
penyebab mereka mengingkari sunnah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalil
apa yang digunakan sebagai dasar hukum inkar sunnah? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Pembahasan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui pengertian dari ingkar sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui sejarah kemunculan dan tokoh-tokoh dalam ingkar sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui argumentasi kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui kelemahan ingkar sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui pokok ajaran ingkar sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui bantahan para ulama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui penyebab mereka mengingkari sunnah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui dasar hukum ingkar sunnah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<br />
PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Ingkar Sunnah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Ingkar sunnah terdiri dari dua kata
yaitu Ingkar dan Sunnah. Ingkar, Menurut bahasa, artinya “menolak atau tidak mengakui”,
berasal dari kata kerja, Ankara-Yunkiru-Inkaaron.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan Sunnah, menurut bahasa mempunyai beberapa arti diantaranya adalah, “jalan
atau tatacara yang telah mentradisi,” suatu tradisi yang sudah dibiasakan
dinamai sunnah, meskipun tidak baik.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="color: red;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara bahasa pengertian Hadits dan Sunnah
sendiri terjadi perbedaan dikalangan para ulama, ada yang menyamakan keduanya
dan ada yang membedakan. Pengertian keduanya akan disamakan seperti pendapat
para muhaditsin, yaitu untuk menyebut hal ikhwal tentang Nabi SAW baik berupa suatu
perkataan, perbuatan, takrir dan sifat Rauslullah SAW.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun diantara para ulama ada yang
membedakan pengertian keduanya, sebagai berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunnah
lebih umum daripada hadits, karena hadits lebih cenderung identik dengan sunnah
qauliyah. Pendapat ini didasarkan atas makna etimologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadits yang diartikan sebagai berita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadits
diartikan segala aktifitas nabi Muhammad saw meskipun itu hanya di lakukan satu
kali dalam hidup beliau. Sedangkan sunnah harus dikerjakan berulang-ulang
sehingga menjadi suatu kebiasaan atau tradisi. Pendapat ini juga lebih
didasarkan kepada pengertian sunnah secara etimologi yang diartikan sebagai
tradisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunnah
bersumber dari nabi muhannad dan para sahabat. Sedangkan hadits hanya yang
datangnya dari Rasulullah SAW saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun fungsi hadits adalah sebagai
berikut :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayan
Ta’kid (Penegas Hukum). Dalam hal ini hadits menegaskan suatu hukum yang
subtansinya sama dengan yang di maksudkan dalam Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayan
Tafsir (Menjelaskan maksud dari Al-Qur’an), Hal ini dapat berupa merinci ayat
yang sifatnya global, membatasi ayat yang mutlak, mengkhususkan ayat yang umum,
menjelaskan ayat yang susah di fahami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
hukum yang tidak di singgung langsung dalam Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Secara definitif Ingkar As-Sunnah dapat diartikan
sebagai suatu nama atau aliran atau suatu paham keagamaan dalam masyarakat
Islam yang menolak atau mengingkari Sunnah untuk dijadikan sebagai sumber dan
dasar syari’at Islam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kata “Ingkar Sunnah” dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan gerakan atau paham yang
timbul dalam masyarakat Islam yang menolak hadits atau sunnah sebagai sumber
kedua hukum Islam. Inkar as-sunnah tidak semata-mata penolakan total terhadap
sunnah, penolakan terhadap sebagian sunnah pun termasuk inkar as-sunnah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah Ingkar As-Sunnah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sejarah perkembangan
faham ingkar sunnah hanya terjadi dalam dua periode, yaitu periode klasik dan
periode modern. Menurut Prof. M. Mushthofa Al-Azhami sejarah ingkar sunnah
klasik terjadi pada masa Imam Asy- Syafi’I (abad 2H/7M). kemudian menghilang
dari peredarannya selama beberapa abad. Kemudian pada abad modern (abad
13H/19M) kembali muncul di india dan mesir sampai pada masa sekarang.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><b>Ingkar Sunnah Pada Masa Periode
Klasik</b></div>
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></b><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ingkar sunnah
klasik terjadi pada masa Imam Asy- Syafi’I (wafat 204 H). Dalam kitabnya Al-Umm
Imam Syafi’i menguraikan perdebatan beliau dengan seseorang pengingkar sunnah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Menurut
Muhammad Al-Khudhari Beik, bahwa seseorang yang berdebat denga Imam Asy-Syafi’I
tersebut dari kelompok Mu’tazilah karena dinyatakan bahwa orang tersebut
berasal dari bashrah, sementara bashrah pada saat itu merupakan pusat teologi
mu’tazilah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari perdebatan imam Asy-Syafi’i dengan
pengingkar sunnah, dapat difahami bahwa ada tiga jenis kelompok ingkar sunnah. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama, kelompok yang mengingkari
sunnah rosulullah secara keseluruhan. Kedua, kelompok yang mengingkari sunnah
yang tidak disebutkan dalam al-qur’an secara tersurat ataupun tersirat. Ketiga,
kelompok yang hanya menerima hadits mutawattir (hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh
banyak orang di setiap periodenya) dan menolak hadits ahad (tidak mencapai
derajat mutawattir) walaupun shohih.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilihat dari penolakan tersebut, maka
dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok pertama dan kedua pada hakekatnya memiliki
kesamaan pandangan bahwa mereka tidak menjadikan Sunnah sebagai hujjah. Para
ahli hadits menyebut kelompok ini sebagai kelompok Inkar. Kelompok pertama dan
kedua ini sangat berbahaya, karena akan merobohkan paradigma sunnah secara
keseluruhan. Sebab sebagian besar perintah ibadah dalam Al-Qur’an bersifat
global seperti perintah sholat, puasa, zakat, haji dan lain-lain. Kemudian
diperinci penjelasannya oleh Sunnah Rosul. Dengan menolak penjelas Al-Qur’an tersebut
yakni sunnah maka mereka akan sangat mudah mendistorsi dan mempermainkan makna
dari Al-Qur’an tersebut sehingga mereka dapat menjalankan ibadah sekedarnya
sesuai yang mereka inginkan karena tidak ada penjelasan dalam Al-Qur’an mengenai
bilangan jumlah dan waktu ibadah tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkar sunnah pada masa klasik ini
diawali akibat konflik internal umat islam yang dikobarkan oleh sebagian kaum
sindiq yang berkedok pada sekte-sekte tertentu dalam islam, kemudian diikuti
oleh para pendukungnya dengan mencacimaki para sahabat. Secara umum dapat
dikatakan semua umat islam mengakui kehujahan sunnah sebagai dasar hukum, hanya
saja terdapat perbedaan dalam memberikan kriteria persyaratan kualitas sunnah
tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut pandangan beberapa sekte dalam
Islam terhadap sunnah Rasul.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Khawarij</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum, khawarij dan berbagai
sempalannya berpendapat bahwa semua sahabat yang terlibat dalam fitnah perang
jamal dan gencatan senjata (tahkim) serta yang ridho akan hal tersebut dinilai
kafir. Sehingga mereka menolak seluruh sunnah yang diriwayatkan oleh mayoritas
sahabat setelah dua peristiwa tersebut. Mereka hanya menerima sunnah yang diriwayatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari beberapa sahabat yang tidak terlibat
dalam dua peristiwa tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syi’ah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok syiah menerima sunnah dan
mengamalkannya seperti ahlussunnah, hanya mereka berbeda dalam menerima dan
menetapkan kriterianya. Mereka berpendapat bahwa mayoritas sahabat setelah
rosulullah wafat adalah murtad kecuali beberapa orang saja. Sehingga mereka
tidak mau menerima sunnah yang diriwayatkan dari mayoritas sahabat tersebut,
kecuali dari kalangan ahlul bait (keluarga Nabi Saw). Mereka mensyaratkan penuturan
sebuahhadits harus dari jalur para imam, karena menurut mereka hanya imam
merekalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bersifat Ma’sum
(terpelihara dari dosa).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mu’tazilah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut kesimpulan al-siba’iy, bahwa
sikap mu’tazilah tidak menentu apakah menolak sunnah atau menerima seluruhnya
atau menolak sunnah ahad saja. Namun secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa
mu’tazilah dengan ushul khamsah-nya (falsafah madzhab mu’tazilah) dan
konsep-konsep yang bermuara daripadanya merupakan kaidah yang dipatuhi oleh
teks al-qur’an dan sunnah. Ayat yang kontradiksi denga logika ditakwilkan dan
sunnah yang kontradiktif dengan rasio ditolak. Harun nasution mengungkapkan
bahwa kaum mu’tazilah tidak begitu banyak berpegang pada sunnah atau tradisi,
bukan tidak percaya pada sunnah atau tradisi nabi dan para sahabat akan tetapi
mereka ragu akan keorisinalan hadits yang mengandung sunnah tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari uraian tersebut dapat dikatakan
bahwa mu’tazilah pada perinsipnya menerima kehujjahan sunnah. Namun mereka
mengkritik sejumlah sunnah yang kontra dengan falsafah madzhab mereka.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingkar
Sunnah pada Periode Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span>
</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingkar
Sunnah di India dan Pakistan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingkar sunnah lahir kembali pada abad
modern di beberapa negara pada abad 19 setelah menghilang dari Iraq pada abad
klasik. Pengingkar sunnah modern di india menyebut kelompok mereka dengan
al-qur’aniyyun (pengamal Al-Qur’an). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Para tokohnya antara lain : Ahmad Khan, Ciragh
Ali, Maulevi AbdullahJakralevi, Ahmad Al-Din Amratserri, Aslam Cirachburri,
Ghulam Ahmad Parwez, dan Abd Al-Khaliq Malwaddah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa modern ini terdapat empat
kelompok pengingkar sunnah di india yang mempunyai dua prinsip yaitu :
berpedoman hanya pada al-qur’an baik urusan dunia maupun akhirat, dan sunnah
rosul bukanlah sebagai hujjah dalam beragama.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ke kempat kelompok tersebut ialah :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ummat
muslim Ahl Al-Dzikr Wa Al-Qur’an</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok ini dipimpin oleh Abdullah
Jakralevi (w. 1918 M) Seorang Syeh dan Pencetus Qur’aniyyah. Ia fasih dalam
bahasa Urdu dan Arab. Ia tinggal di Lahore (sekarang Pakistan) membawahi
sekitar 1000 orang pengikut. Dan memiliki beberapa cabang di berbagai kota dan
pusatnya di dar Al-Qur’an. Disini ada masjid yang tidak memakai mihrab dan
shalatnya 3 kali sehari semalam. Bagi mereka tidak ada yang membatalkan wudhu
dan tidak ada adzan sebelum shalat, karena Al-Qur’an tidak menjelaskannya.
Hadits yang menjelaskan hal tersebut adalah bohong.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umat
Muslimah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok ini dipimpin oleh Ahmad Al-Din
Amratserri bin Al-Khawajah Miyan Muhammad di India tetapi pindah ke Pakistan
pada saat kemerdekaannya (1947). Ia menguasai bahasa Persia, Arab, Inggris dan
Urdu.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara pemikirannya adalah sholat
hanya dua waktu, yakni shalat fajar dan shalat isya, yang ketiga tidak wajib.
Sholat boleh dikerjakan empat rakaat atau dua rakaat dan tidak harus menghadap
kiblat (ka’bah). Namun belakangan shalat mereka sama dengan muslim lainnya
yakni lima waktu dan berpuasa pada bulan ramadhan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thulu’
Islam</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendirinya adalah Ahmad Parwez Bin
Fadhal Din. Lahir pada tahun 1903 di Punjab India, kemudian ia pindah ke
Pakistan pada saat kemerdekaannya. Setiap kota di Pakistan terdapat kelompok
ini bahkan di eropa juga terdapat cabangnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara pemikirannya di dalam Al-Qur’an
tidak ada keterangan bahwa nabi pernah sholat menghadap baitul maqdis kemudian
berubah ke Ka’bah. Al-Qur’an juga tidak menjelaskan Sholat menghadap ke ka’bah
yang ada menghadap ke mekkah untuk menyatukan umat islam. Pemerintah quraniyah
boleh mengganti bagian sholat yang tidak ditetapkan dalam al-qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ta’mir
Insaniyat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok ini dipimpin oleh abu Al-Khaliq
Malwadah. Diantara pemikirannya tidak lebih dari apa yang diperintahkan allah
untuk mengikuti apa yang diturunkan-nya dalam Al-Qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingkar
Sunnah di Mesir</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa tokoh yang di kategorikan
sebagai pemikir modern ingkar sunnah di mesir oleh pakar hadits diantaranya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taufiq
Shidqy<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taufiq Shidqy adalah seorang dokter yang
bertugas di salah satu lembaga kemasyarakatan di mesir, lahir pada tanggal 19
September 1881. Di kalangan para ulama hadits tidak ada perbedaan bahwa taufiq
shidqi di catat sebagai pengingkar sunnah pertama pada masa modern di mesir
yang secara terang-terangan menolak sunnah sebagai sumber hukum islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buah pemikirannya dapat di pahami dari
artikel-artikel yang ditulisnya di berbagai majalah dan Koran. Secara ringkas
berikut pokok-pokok pikiran Taufiq Shidqy :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanyalah
al-qur’an yang diwahyukan allah secara mutlak dan tidak ada kesalahan,
sedangkan sunnah tidak demikian.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
hanyalah al-qur’an, tidak perlu tambahan lain sebab al-qur’an telah sempurna
dan tidak perlu disempurnakan lagi, dan telah jelas tidak perlu diperjelas
selain dengan al-qur’an. Sunnah bersifat kontemporer dan hanya berlaku pada
masa nabi saja dan bagi bangsa arab saja. Bagi ummat yang hidup setelah masa
nabi atau bagi bangsa non arab boleh tidak pakai sunnah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nabi
melarang penulisan sunnah. Seandainya sunnah menjadi sumber hukum islam pasti
nabi memerintahkanuntuk menulisnya seperti al-qur’an. Oleh karena itu sahabat
tidak menulis dan tidak membukukan sunnah dan kemudian banyak terjadi pemalsuan
sunnah yang tersebar di berbagai buku sunnah. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia
menolak seluruh sunnah baik mutawatir maupun ahad.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akantetapi belakangan ia meralat
pendapatnya itu dan mengakui sunnah. Kecuali beberapa hal yang tidak disepakati
ulama seperti sunnah qauliyah, setelah mau merenung dan mendengar argumentasi
lawan diskusinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahmud
Abu Rayyah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara pemikiran Mahmud abu rayyah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buku
induk hadits tidak dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam beragama untuk umum
sebagaimana al-qur’an, karena ia merupakan hasil ijtihad ulama belakangan. Nabi
melarang menulisnya, dengan demikian para sahabat sejak nabi wafat tidak
memperhatikan dan mengodifikasinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
keseluruhan hadits hanya ahad yang bersifat zhan (menduga-duga) dan tercela
menurut al-qur’an, sedangkan hadits mutawatir tidak mungkin tejadi karena
kelangkaan persyaratan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad
Amin<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad amin seorang budayawan dan
sejarawan mesir lahir pada tahun 1878 dan wafat tahun 1954. Diantara
pemikirannya yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadits
tidak tertulis sejak masa nabi saw masih hidup. Hadits hanya ditulis
berdasarkan ingatan pembawanya saja, oleh karenanya ditemukan banyak hadits
palsu. Usaha ulama dalam membendung hadits palsu juga mengalami kekurangan,
karena usaha mereka tidak kritis dalam menilai keadilan para sahabat dan matan
hadits. Mereka hanya melakukan kritik sanad.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para
periwayat hadits yang dinilai para ulama sebagai orang paling adil seperti
bukhari, muslim dan ahmad dinilainya tidak tsiqah karena adanya subjektifitas
politik dalam periwayatan haditsnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasyad
khalifah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan sarjana pertanian mesir yang
berpindah kewarganegaraan amerika serikat. Kegiatan penyebaran paham ingkar
sunnahnya berpusat di masjid Tucson wilayah Arizona. Dia bahkan mengaku menjadi
nabi yang selalu menerima wahyu dari jibril di amerika karena dari sanalah
risalah kenabian akanmenyebar ke seluruh dunia. Dia tidak sekedar menolak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadits nabi bahkan mencaci maki hadis dan
para perawinya yang dinilai paling kredibel di kalangan ummat muslim.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad
Shubhy Manshur<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah seorang alimni al-azhar yang
mendapat gelar doctor dalam bidang sejarah. Merupakan murid dari rasyad
khalifah. Ia dijanjikan menggantikan gurunya sebagai nabi setelah gurunya wafat
sesuai dengan namanya “ahmad” sebagaimana yang tertera dalam al-qur’an. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara pemikirannya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunnah
yang ada sekarang adalah buatan penguasa masa abbasiyah yang semula merupakan
fatwa ulama atau fuqaha khalifah yang melayani untuk melegitimasi kehendak sang
khalifah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunnah
yang terkodifikasi ke dalam jutaan naskah sesat dan bertenytangan dengan
al-qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
sholat telah diketahui melalui shalatnya nabi-nabi terdahulu sebagaimana
dijelaskan dalam al-qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Musthafa
Mahmud<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan yang dikritisi musthafa
Mahmud adalah sunnah tentang syafaat yang menurutnya bertentangan dnegan
al-qur’an. Namun pada dasarnya ia menolak sunnah secara umum sebagai
konsekuensi logis penolakannya terhadap syafaat. Diantara pemikirannya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
orang yang masuk ke neraka akan kekal didalamnya. Tidak ada di dalam al-quran
penjelasan tentang masuk neraka dalam waktu terbatas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadits
syafaat palsu karena bertentangan dengan teks al-qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadirts
tidak terpelihara dari kesalahan seperti al-qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunnah
seperti sejarah, adakalanya benar dan ada kalanya salah, boleh di ambil dan
boleh tidak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingkar
Sunnah di Indonesia</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemikiran modern ingkar sunnah muncul di
Indonesia secara terang-terangan sekitar tahun 1980-an. Kemungkinan besarnya
jauh sebelum itu telah ada penyebaran secara sembunyi-sembunyi. Pemikiran inkar
sunnah bergerak di beberapa tempat dan pada 1983-1985 mencapai puncaknya
sehingga menghebohkan masyarakat Islam dan memenuhi halaman surat kabar. Adapun
penyebaran kelompok inkar sunnah di Indonesia meliputi wilayah Jakarta, Bogor,
Tegal, dan Padang.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokoh-tokoh “Ingkar Sunnah” yang
tercatat di Indonesia antara lain adalah Lukman Sa’ad (Dirut PT. Galia Indonesia),
Ir. Ircham Sutarto, Abdurrahman, Dalimi Lubis (karyawan kantor DePag Padang
Panjang), Nazwar Syamsu, As’ad bin Ali Baisa, H. Endi Suradi. Para penginggkar sunnah
di Indonesia secara keseluruhan menolak sunnah sebagai sumber hukum dan mereka
dari kalangan bukan orang yang ahli agama dan masih dalam tahap belajar
kemudian mengklaim dirinya ahli agama dan secara eksklusif merasa paling benar
dan yang lain salah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Argumentasi Kelompok Ingkar As-Sunnah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai suatu paham atau aliran, ingkar
as-sunnah klasik ataupun modern memiliki argument-argumen yang dijadikan
landasan mereka. Tanpa argument-argumen itu, pemikiran mereka tidak berpengaruh
apa-apa. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Argument mereka antara lain :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama
bersifat konkrit dan pasti Mereka berpendapat bahwa agama harus dilandaskan
pada hal yang pasti. Apabila kita mengambil dan memakai hadits, berarti
landasan agama itu tidak pasti. Al-Qur’an yang kita jadikan landasan agama itu
bersifat pasti. Sementara apabila agama Islam itu bersumber dari hadits , ia
tidak akan memiliki kepastian karena hadits itu bersifat dhanni (dugaan), dan
tidak sampai pada peringkat pasti.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Quran
sudah lengkap Jika kita berpendapat bahwa Al-Qur’an masih memerlukan
penjelasan, berarti kita secara jelas mendustakan Al-Qur’an dan kedudukan Al-Qur’an
yang membahas segala hal dengan tuntas. Oleh karena itu, dalam syariat Allah
tidak mungkin diambil pegangan lain, kecuali Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
tidak memerlukan penjelas Al-Qur’an tidak memelukan penjelasan, justru
sebaliknya Al-Qur’an merupakan penjelasan terhadap segala hal. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diantara ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang
digunakan mereka sebagai alasan menolak sunnah secara total adalah Qur’an Surat
an-Nahl ayat 89 <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “(Dan ingatlah) akan hari (ketika)
Kami bangkitkan pada tiap-tiap umat seorang saksi atas mereka dari mereka sendiri
dan Kami datangkan kamu (Muhammad) menjadi saksi atas seluruh umat manusia. dan
Kami turunkan kepadamu Al kitab (Al Quran) untuk menjelaskan segala sesuatu dan
petunjuk serta rahmat dan kabar gembira bagi orang-orang yang berserah diri.”</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian surat al-An’am ayat 38 yang
berbunyi:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “Dan Tiadalah binatang-binatang yang
ada di bumi dan burung-burung yang terbang dengan kedua sayapnya, melainkan
umat (juga) seperti kamu. Tiadalah Kami alpakan sesuatupun dalam Al-Kitab,
kemudian kepada Tuhanlah mereka dihimpunkan.”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Menurut mereka kepada ayat tersebut
menunjukkan bahwa Al-Qur’an telah mencakup segala sesuatu yang berkenaan dengan
ketentuan agama, tanpa perlu penjelasan dari Sunnah. Bagi mereka perintah
shalat lima waktu telah tertera dalam Al-Qur’an, misalnya surat Al-Baqarah ayat
238, surat Hud ayat 114, al-Isyra’ ayat 78 dan lain-lain. Adapun alasan lain
adalah bahwa Al-Qur’an diturunkan dengan berbahasa Arab yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentunya Al-Qur’an tersebut akan dapat
dipahami dengan baik pula. Argumen kelompok yang menolak hadits Ahad dan hanya
menerima hadits Mutawatir. Untuk menguatkan pendapatnya, mereka menggunakan
beberapa ayat al-Qur’an sebagai dallil yaitu, surat Yunus ayat 36:</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “…Dan Sesungguhnya Persangkaan itu
tidak berfaedah sedikitpun terhadap kebenaran…”</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan ayat di atas, mereka
berpendapat bahwa hadits Ahad tidak dapat dijadikan hujjah atau pegangan dalam
urusan agama. Menurut kelompok ini, urusan agama harus didasarkan pada dalil
yang qath’i yang diyakini dan disepakati bersama kebenarannya. Oleh karena itu
hanya Al-Qur’an dan hadits mutawatir saja yang dapat dijadikan sebagi hujjah
atau sumber ajaran Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lemahnya Argumen Para Pengingkar Sunnah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternyata argumen yang dijadikan sebagai
dasar pijakan bagi para pengingkar sunnah memiliki banyak kelemahan, misalnya :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
umumnya pemahaman ayat tersebut diselewengkan maksudnya sesuai dengan
kepentingan mereka. Surat an-Nahl ayat 89 yang merupakan salah satu landasan
bagi kelompok ingkar sunnah untuk maenolak sunnah secara keseluruhan. Menurut Asy-Syafi’i
ayat tersebut menjelaskan adanya kewajiban tertentu yang sifatnya global,
seperti dalam kewajiban shalat, dalam hal ini fungsi hadits adalah menerangkan
secara tehnis tata cara pelaksanaannya.Dengan demikian surat an-Nahl sama
sekali tidak menolak hadits sebagai salah satu sumber ajaran. Bahkan ayat
tersebut menekankan pentingnya hadits.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat
Yunus ayat 36 yang dijadikan sebagai dalil mereka menolak hadits ahad sebagai
hujjan dan menjelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan istilah zhanni adalah tentang
keyakinan yang menyekutukan Tuhan. Keyakinan itu berdasarkan khayalan belaka
dan tidak dapat dibuktikan kebenarannya secara ilmiah. Keyakinan yang
dinyatakan sebagai zhanni pada ayat tersebut sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya
dan tidak ada kesamaannya dengan tingkat kebenaran hasil penelitian kualitas
hadits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keshahihan
hadits ahad bukan didasarkan pada khayalan melainkan didasarkan pada metodologi
yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pokok-Pokok
Ajaran Aliran Sesat Ingkar As-Sunnah</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
Dua Kalimat Sahadat</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka
tidak mengaku 2 kalimat syahadat karena tidak ada dalam Al-Qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
Shalat Cara mereka mengerjakan shalat bermacam-macam, yaitu :</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
yang mengerjakan shalat tiga kali sehari masing masing boleh empat rakaat atau
dua rakaat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
yang shalatnya rata-rata dua rakaat, tetapi bacaannya berbeda-beda ada yang
seperti biasa, bagian shalat yang tidak tertera dalam al-qur’an boleh dig anti.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
yang shalatnya sebanyak-banyaknya, selagi mampu dan tidak berlebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shalat
diwajibkan bagi yang faham al-qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
Puasa Di Bulan Ramadhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mereka
hanya mengikuti wajibnya puasa saja. Adapun hari dan bulannya meraka
mengingkari dengan alasan tidak ditentukan dalam al-Qur’an makanya mereka tidak
mengakui puasa Ramadhan karena tidak ada keterangan ayat al-Qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
Zakat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
umumnya mareka tidak memunaikan zakat. Yang mereka akui adalah perintah member
kepada fakir miskin.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rukun
islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rukun
islam yang 5 tidak berfungsi apa-apa, yang terpenting adalah pemahaman
al-qur’an<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantahan
Ulama</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abd Allah bin Mas’ud berpendapat bahwa
orang yang menghindari sunnah tidak termasuk orang beriman bahkan dia orang
kafir. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadits Rasulullah SAW. Yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu
Dawud, sebagai berikut: “Jika kamu bersembahyang di rumah-rumah kamu dan kamu
tinggalkan masjid-masjid kamu, berarti kamu meninggalkan sunnah Nabimu, dan
berarti kamu kufur.” (H.R. Abu Dawud :91). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah SWT telah menetapkan untuk
mentaati Rasul, dan tidak ada alasan dari siapa pun untuk menentang perintah
yang diketahui bearsal dari Rasul. Firman allah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahannya : Hai orang-orang yang beriman
taatilah allah dan taatilah rasulnya dan ulil amri diantara kamu. Kemudian jika
kamu berlainan pendapat tentang sesuatu, maka kembalikanlah ia kepada allah
(al-qur’an) dan rasulnya (sunnahnya), jika kamu benar benar beriman kepada
allah dan hari kemudian. Yang demikian itu lebih utama (bagimu) dan lebih baik
akibatnya (Q.S. An-Nisaa : 59)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ayat tersebut secara jelas memerintahkan
mentaati allah (Al-qur’an) dan rosulnya (sunnah rosul). Allah telah membuat
semua manusia (beriman) merasa butuh kepadanya dalam segala persoalan agama dan
memberikan bukti bahwa sunnah menjelaskan setiap makna dari kewajiban-kewajiban
yang ditetapkan Allah dalam kitabnya. Sunnah Rasul mempunyai tugas yang amat
besar, yakni untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang Kitabullah, baik dari segi ayat
maupun hukumnya. Orang yang ingin mempedalam pemahaman Al-Quran, ia harus
mengetahui hal-hal yang ada dalam sunnah , baik dalam maknanya, penafsiran
bentuknya, maupun dalam pelaksanaan hukum-hukumnya. Contoh yang paling baik
dalam hal ini adalah masalah ibadah shalat. Tegasnya setiap bagian Sunnah Rasul
SAW berfungsi menerangkan semua petunjuk maupun perintah yang difirmankan Allah
di dalam Al-Quran.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapa saja yang bersedia menerima apa
yang ditetapkan Al-Quran dengan sendirinya harus pula menerima
petunjuk-petunjuk Rasul dalam Sunnahnya. Allah sendiri telah memerintahkan
untuk selalu taat dan setia kepada keputusan Rasul. Barang siapa tunduk kepada
Rasul berarti tunduk kepada Allah, karena Allah jugalah yang menyuruh untuk
tunduk kepadaNya. Menerima perintah Allah dan Rasul sama nilainya, keduanya
berpangkal kepada sumber yang sama (yaitu Allah SWT). <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, jelaslah bahwa menolak
atau mengingkari sunnah sama saja dengan menolak ketentuan-ketentuan Al-Quran,
karena Al-Quran sendiri yang memerintahkan untuk menerima dan mengikuti sunnah
Rasulullah SAW.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab Peng-ingkaran Terhadap Sunnah Nabi SAW</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat dari beberapa permasalahan di
atas yang berhubungan dengan adanya pengingkaran sunnah dikalangan umat Islam,
dapatlah kiranya dilihat sebab adanya pengingkaran tersebut, diantaranya:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman
yang tidak terlalu mendalam tentang Hadits Nabi saw. Dan kedangkalan mereka
dalam memahami Islam, juga ajarannya secara keseluruhan, demikian menurut Imam
Syafi’i.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepemilikan
pengetahuan yang kurang tentang bahasa arab, sejarah Islam, sejarah
periwayatan, pembinaan hadits, metodologi penelitian hadits, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keraguan
yang berhubungan dengan metodologi kodifikasi hadits, seperti keraguan akan
adanya perawi yang melakukan kesalahan atau muncul dari kalangan mereka para
pemalsu dan pembohong.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keyakinan
dan kepercayaan mereka yang mendalam kepada al-Qur’an sebagai kitab yang memuat
segala perkara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keinginan
untuk memahami Islam secara langsung dari al-Qur’an berdasarkan kemampuan rasio
semata dan merasa enggan melibatkan diri pada pengkajian hadits, metodologi
penelitian hadits yang memiliki karakteristik tersendiri. Sikap yang demikian
ini, disebabkan oleh keinginan untuk berfikir bebas tanpa terikat oleh
norma-norma tertentu, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan hadits Nabi SAW.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
statement al-Qur’an yang menyatakan bahwa al-Qur’an telah menjelaskan segala
sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan ajaran Islam (QS. Al-Nahl: 89), juga terdapatnya
tenggang waktu yang relatif lama antara masa kodifikasi hadits dengan masa
hidupnya Nabi SAW (wafatnya beliau).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
pemikiran Orientalis Barat<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalil-Dalil Inkar Sunnah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalil-dalil atau alasan-alasan inkar
sunnah dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu dalil Al-Qur’an dan alasan akal. Yang
berupa dalil Al-Qur’an diantaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat An-nahl ayat 89</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “…..Kami turunkan kepadamu Al-Qur’an
untuk menjelaskan sesuatu…..”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></b></span></span></span></a> </span></i></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat al An’am ayat 38</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjemahnya : “Tidak kami alfakan
sesuatupun didalam Al-Qur’an”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></b></span></span></span></a> </span></i></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat Al-Maidah ayat 3</span></li>
</ol>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “Pada hari ini telah kusempurnakan
bagimu agamamu dan telah Ku cukupkan kepadamu nikmatKu dan telah Ku ridloi
Islam itu sebagai agamamu.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari ketiga ayat diatas menunjukan bahwa
Al-Qur’an telah menunjukan semuanya (segala sesuatu). Al-Qur’an tidak
membutuhkan keterangan tambahan lagi karena penjelasannya tentang islam sebagai
agama yang telah sempurna. </span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat An-Najm ayat 3-4</span></li>
</ol>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : Dan tidaklah ia (Muhammad) bertutur
benurut hawa nafsunya. Ucapan itu tiada lain wahyu yang diwahyukan kepadanya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Menurut
mereka yang diwahyukan itu sudah tertuliskan dalam Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat Ali Imran ayat 20, Al-Maidah ayat 92, Ar-Ra’d ayat 40, An-Nahl ayat
35 dan 82, An-Nur ayat 45, Al-‘Angkabut ayat 18, Asy-Syura ayat 48.</span>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat-ayat diatas menjelaskan bahwa tugas
nabi Muhammad hanyalah menyampaikan pesan Allah dan tidak berhak memberikan
penjelasan apapun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat Al-Fathir ayat 31</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “ Dan apa yang telah kami wahyukan
kepadamu yakni Al-Qur’an itulah yang benar (haq)….. ”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
surat Yunus ayat 36</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya : “Dan kebanyakan mereka tidak mengikuti
kecuali ahli persangkaan belaka. Sesungguhnya persangkaan itu tidak sedikitpun
berguna untuk mencapai kebenaran….”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jadi hadits itu hanyalah persangkaan yang
tidak layak untuk dijadikan hujjah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Adapun dalil akal diantaranya adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an
dalam bahasa arab yang jelas, maka orang yang faham bahasa arab maka faham
terhadap Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perpecahan
umat islam karena berpegang pada hadits yang berbeda-beda.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadits
hanyalah dongeng karena baru muncul pada zaman tabi’in dan tabi’ittabi’in.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
satu haditspun dicatat di zaman Nabi. Dalam periode sebelumnya pencatatan
hadits, manusia berpeluang berbohong.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik
sanad baru muncul setelah satu setengah abad wafatnya Nabi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
tentang seluruh sahabat adil, muncul setelah abad ketiga Hijriyah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Analisis terhadap argumen inkar sunnah
dalil-dalil naqli dan argumen aqli inkar sunnah itu seluruhnya lemah. Hal ini
dapat diperkuat dengan argumen-argumen tokoh ikar sunnah dari Malaysia, Kassim
Ahmad mengatakan bahwa buku ini secara saintifik membuktikan ketulenan
Al-Qur’an sebagai perutusan Tuhan kepada manusia yang sepenuhnya terpelihara dan
menarik perhatian pembaca kepada kesempurnaannya, kelengkapannya, dan
keterperinciannya, menyebabkan manusia tidak memerlukan buku-buku lain sebagai
sumber bimbingan. Lebih dari ini, Kassim Ahmad dengan yakin membuat kesimpulan
tentang penolakan Rosyhad Khalifa terhadap sunnah, yakni bahwa hadits merupakan
penyelewengan dari ajaran Nabi Muhammad dan tidak boleh diterima sebagai sumber
perundang-undangan adalah benar.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
Dari pemaparan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faham
inkar sunnah adalah paham yang mengingkari keberadaan hadits-hadits Rasulullah
SAW .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkar
sunnah mulai muncul pada zaman sahabat usai perang sahabat setelah wafatnya
Nabi SAW, Tokoh-tokoh inkar sunah zaman dahulu diantaranya adalah golongan
Khawarij, golongan Mu’tajilah serta golongan Syi’ah, sedang pada zaman modern
tokoh inkar sunnah yang muncul diantaranya adalah Rasyad Khalifa dari Mesir,
Ghulam Ahmad Parwes dari India, Taufiq Shidqi dari Mesir,Kasim Ahmad dari
Malaysia dan empat orang dari Indonesia yaitu Abdul Rahman, Moh. Irham,
Sutarto, dan Lukman Saad.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab
peng-ingkaran mereka terhadap sunnah Nabi SAW diantaranya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman yang tidak terlalu mendalam
tentang Hadits Nabi saw. Dan kedangkalan mereka dalam memahami Islam, juga
ajarannya secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo15; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepemilikan pengetahuan yang kurang
tentang bahasa arab, sejarah Islam, sejarah periwayatan, pembinaan hadits,
metodologi penelitian hadits, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo15; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keraguan yang berhubungan dengan
metodologi kodifikasi hadits, seperti keraguan akan adanya perawi yang
melakukan kesalahan atau muncul dari kalangan mereka para pemalsu dan
pembohong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo15; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keyakinan dan kepercayaan mereka yang
mendalam kepada al-Qur’an sebagai kitab yang memuat segala perkara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo15; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keinginan untuk memahami Islam secara
langsung dari al-Qur’an berdasarkan kemampuan rasio semata dan merasa enggan
melibatkan diri pada pengkajian hadits, metodologi penelitian hadits yang
memiliki karakteristik tersendiri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alasan
mendasar yang mereka kemukakan untuk menolak keberadaan hadis Nabi saw. sebagai
sumber ajaran Islam yang kedua setelah al-Qur’an adalah statement al-Qur’an
yang menyatakan bahwa al-Qur’an telah menjelaskan segala sesuatu yang berkaitan
dengan ajaran Islam (QS. al-Nahl [16]: 89).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Di
samping itu mereka juga meragukan keabsahan kitab-kitab hadis (yang memuat
hadis-hadis Nabi saw.) yang kodifikasinya baru dilakukan jauh setelah Nabi saw.
wafat. Menurut para ulama, seperti al-Syafi’i, argumentasi mereka tersebut
adalah keliru. Kekeliruan sikap mereka itu sejauh ini diidentifikasi sebagai akibat
kedangkalan mereka dalam memahami Islam dan ajarannya secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Departemen
Haji dan Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah:
Komplek Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412
H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ham,
Musahadi, <i>Evolusi Konsep Sunnah</i>, (Semarang : Aneka Ilmu, 2000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khon,
Abdul Majid, <i>Pemikiran Modern Dalam Sunnah, pendekatan Ilmu Hadits</i>,
(Jakarta : Kencana, 2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Smeer,
Zeid B., <i>Ulumul Hadits, Pengantar Studi Hadits Praktis,</i> (Malang : UIN
Malang Press, 2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://othoy09.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">blogspot.com/2012/02/inkar-as-sunnah.html [10 April
2013] </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ricky-diah.blogspot.com/2011/04/ulumul-hadits-inkar-sunnah.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://ricky-diah.blogspot.com/2011/04/ulumul-hadits-inkar-sunnah.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> [10
April </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://riwayat.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/inkar-sunah/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://riwayat.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/inkar-sunah/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
2013]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12 April 2013]<br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wonk-ciperna.blogspot.com/2011/07/ingkar-sunnah.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://wonk-ciperna.blogspot.com/2011/07/ingkar-sunnah.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ricky-diah.blogspot.com/2011/04/ulumul-hadits-inkar-sunnah.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://ricky-diah.blogspot.com/2011/04/ulumul-hadits-inkar-sunnah.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon, <i>Pemikiran
Modern Dalam Sunnah, pendekatan Ilmu Hadits</i>, (Jakarta : Kencana, 2011) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek
Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Musahadi Ham, <i>Evolusi
Konsep Sunnah</i>, (Semarang : Aneka Ilmu, 2000) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Musahadi Ham, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer, <i>Ulumul
Hadits, Pengantar Studi Hadits Praktis,</i> (Malang : UIN Malang Press, 2008) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Zeid B. Smeer </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Majid Khon </span></div>
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Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-12006068414125077902015-12-22T13:47:00.000-08:002020-11-07T03:20:02.709-08:00Hawalah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila
menganalisis berbagai perintah Agama Islam dengan seksama, maka dengan mudah
kita dapat memperoleh prinsip yang berkaitan dengan piutang konsumtif. Adapun
prinsip piutang konsumtif adalah prinsip kemurnian, perjanjian, pembayaran dan
bantuan yang timbul dari kenyataan bahwa mengambil suatu kredit tanpa suatu
sebab yang shahih, ditolak oleh Rasulullah yang diriwayatkan berlindung dari
utang maupun dosa. Aisyah berkata Rasulullah SAW biasa berdoa dengan
mengucapkan kata-kata “Yaa Allah, aku berlindung padamu dari dosa dan
berutang”. Seseorang bertanya padanya “Yaa Rasulullah, mengapa begitu sering
engkau berlindung dari berutang?” Jawabnya “Bila orang berutang, dia berdusta,
berbohong dan berjanji. Tetapi memungkiri janjinya” (HR. BUKHARI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan
dalam hawalah ini terjadi perpindahan tanggungan atau hak dari satu orang
kepada orang lain. Dan pengalihan penagihan hutang ini dibenarkan oleh syariah
dan telah dipraktekkan oleh kaum Muslimin dari zaman Nabi Muhammad SAW sampai
sekarang. Dalam Al-Qur’an kaum Muslimin diperintahkan untuk saling tolong
menolong satu sama lain. Sebagaimana telah dijelaskan dalam Firman Allah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya : “… dan tolong-menolonglah kamu
dalam (mengerjakan) kebajikan dan takwa, dan jangan tolong-menolong dalam
berbuat dosa dan pelanggaran …… </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>QS.Al-Maidah: 2 )<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup></b></span></span></sup></span></a></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Akad
hawalah merupakan suatu bentuk saling tolong menolong yang merupakan manifestasi
dari semangat ayat tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian
berdasarkan hadist Barangsiapa yang mempunyai hutang namun dia mempunyai
piutang pada orang lain yang mampu, kemudian dia memindahkan kewajiban membayar
hutangnya kepada orang lain yang mampu itu, maka orang yang mampu tersebut
wajib menerima kewajiban itu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nabi SAW bersabda:
<i>“Penundaan orang yang mampu (melunasi hutang) itu adalah zhalim, dan apabila
seorang di antara kamu menyerahkan (kewajiban pembayaran hutangnya) kepada
orang kaya, maka terimalah.”</i> (Shahih: Shahihul Jami’us Shaghir no: 5876).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya
pembahasan mengenai Hawalah akan dikupas tuntas dalam pembahasan berikut ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun rumusan masalah dalam makalah
ini ialah :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang di maksud dengan hawalah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa landasan hukum hawalah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana pelaksanaan hawalah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa syarat dan rukun hawalah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun tujuan penulisan makalah ini
adalah :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah pengantar fiqih
muamalah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai penambah wawasan tentang muamalah<b><br /></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara bahasa pengalihan hutang dalam hukum islam disebut
sebagai hiwalah yang mempunyai arti lain yaitu <i>Al-in</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ti</span></i><i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">q</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan <i>Al-tahwil</i>, artinya adalah
memindahkan dan mengalihkan. Penjelasan yang dimaksud adalah memindahkan hutang
dari tanggungan <i>muhil</i> (orang yang berhutang) menjadi tanggungan <i>muhal'alaih</i>
(orang yang melakukan pembayaran hutang).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a>
</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لغة
: النقل من محل إلى محل</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan pengertian Hiwalah secara
istilah, para Ulama’ berbeda-beda dalam mendefinisikannya, antara lain sebagai
berikut:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Hanafi, yang dimaksud hiwalah ialah :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نقل
المطا لبة من دمة المديون إلى دمة الملتزم</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span></i><i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memidahkan</span></i><i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tagihan dari tanggung jawab yang
berutang kepada yang lain yang punya tanggung jawab pula”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-Jaziri
berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud dengan Hiwalah adalah:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نقل
الدين من دمة إلى دمة</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Pemindahan utang dari tanggung
jawab seseorang menjadi tanggung jawab orang lain”.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syihab
al-din al-qalyubi bahwa yang dimaksud dengan Hiwalah adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عقد
يقتضى انتقال دين من دمة إلى دمة</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Akad yang menetapkan pemindahan
beban utang dari seseorang kepada yang lain”.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhammad
Syatha al-dimyati berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud Hiwalah adalah:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عقد
يقتضى تحويل دين من دمة إلى دمة</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Akad yang menetapkan pemindahan
utang dari beban seseorang menjadi beban orang lain”.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibrahim
al-bajuri berpendapat bahwa Hiwalah adalah:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نقل
الحق من دمة المحيل إلى دمة المحال عليه</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Pemindahan kewajiban dari beban
yang memindahkan menjadi beban yang menerima pemindahan”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Taqiyuddin, yang dimaksud Hiwalah adalah:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إنتقال
الدين من دمة إلى دمة</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<i>Pemindahanutang dari beban
seseorang menjadi beban orang lain”.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Sayyid Sabiq, yang dimaksud dengan hawalah ialah pemindahan dari tanggungan <i>muhil</i>
menjadi tanggunggan <i>muhal ‘alaih.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Idris
Ahmad, Hiwalah adalah “Semacam akad (ijab qobul) pemindahan utang dari
tanggungan seseorang yang berutang kepada orang lain, dimana orang lain itu
mempunyai utang pula kepada yang memindahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar Hukum
Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8"></a><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam memperbolehkan hawalah
berdasarkan hadits Rosulullah SAW. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imam Bukhari dan Muslim meriwayatkan dari Abu Hurairoh,
bahwa Rasulullah SAW, bersabda:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">م</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;">َ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">طْلُ ا لْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ فَاِذَا أُ تْبِعَ أَ حَدُكُمْ عَلَى
مَلِيٍ فَلْيَتَّبِعْ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya : “Menunda pembayaran bagi
orang yang mampu adalah kedzaliman. Dan jika salah seorang kamu diikutkan
(dihiwalahkan) kepada orang kaya yang mampu, maka turutlah.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup></b></span></span></sup></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Hadits ini Rasulullah
memerintahkan kepada orang yang menghutangkan, jika orang yang berhutang
menghiwalahkan kepada orang yang kaya dan berkemampuan, hendaklah ia menerima
hiwalah tersebut, dan hendaklah ia mengikuti (menagih) kepada orang yang
dihiwalahkannya (<i>muhal'alaih</i>), dengan demikian hakknya dapat terpenuhi
(dibayar).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebanyakan pengikut mazhab Hambali,
Ibnu Jarir, Abu Tsur dan Az Zahiriyah berpendapat : bahwa hukumnya wajib bagi
yang menghutangkan (da'in) menerima hiwalah, dalam rangka mengamalkan perintah
ini. Sedangkan jumhur ulama berpendapat : perintah itu bersifat sunnah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref9"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalangan
Hanafiah dan Malikiah berpendapat bahwa hawalah adalah pengecualian dalam
transaksi jual beli, yakni menjual hutang dengan hutang. Hal ini karena manusia
sangat membutuhkannya. Hal ini juga merupakan pendapat yang paling dianggap
sahih di kalangan Syafi’iah dan juga menurut salah satu riwayat di kalangan
Hanabilah. Dasarnya adalah Hadist yang artinya :<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jika salah seorang dari kamu sekalian dipindahkan hutangnya kepada
orang kaya, maka terimalah</i> (HR.Bukhari dan Muslim).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang
sahih menurut Hanabilah bahwa hawalah adalah murni transaksi irfaq (memberi
manfaat) bukan yang lainnya. Ibnu al-Qayyim berkata, “Kaidah-kaidah syara’
mendukung dibolehkannya hawalah, dan ini sesuai dengan qiyas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rukun dan Syarat Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rukun
Hawalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
mazhab Hanafi, rukun hiwalah hanya ijab (pernyataan melakukan hiwalah) dari
pihak pertama, dan qabul (penyataan menerima hiwalah) dari pihak kedua dan
pihak ketiga.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Mazhab Syafi’i Rukun Hawalah ada emat, yaitu:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pihak pertama, muhil (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المحيل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yakni
orang yang berhutang dan sekaligus berpiutang,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pihak kedua, muhal atau muhtal (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المحال او المحتال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yakni
orang berpiutang kepada muhil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pihak ketiga muhal ‘alaih (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المحال عليه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yakni
orang yang berhutang kepada muhil dan wajib membayar hutang kepada muhtal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shighat Hawalah (pernyataan hawalah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat-Syarat Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
syarat-syarat hawalah menurut Sayyid Sabiq adalah Sebagai berikut :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relanya
pihak mihil dan muhal tanpa muhal alaih. Karena muhil berkewajiban membayar
hutang dari arah mana saja yang sesuai dengan keinginannya. Dan karena muhal
mempunyai hak yang ada pada tanggungan muhil, maka tidak mungkin ada
perpindahan tanpa kerelaannya. Ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa tidak disyaratkan
adanya kerelaan dari muhal, karena ia wajib menerimanya sesuai dengan hadits Rasululah
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">….</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فَاِذَا أُ تْبِعَ أَ حَدُكُمْ عَلَى
مَلِيٍ فَلْيَتَّبِعْ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya : “…. Dan jika salah seorang
kamu diikutkan (dihiwalahkan) kepada orang kaya yang mampu, maka turutlah.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></sup></b></span></span></sup></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samanya
kedua hak, baik jenis maupun kadarnya, penyelesaiannya, tempo waktu, kualitas
dan kuantitasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilnya
muhal alaih, maka penghiwalahan kepada orang yang tidak mampu membayar utang
adalah batal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hak
(hutang-piutang) tersebut diketahui secara jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis
Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
dua jenis hawalah yaitu hawalah muthlaqoh dan hawalah Muqoyyadah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hawalah
Muthlaqoh terjadi jika orang yang berhutang (orang pertama) kepada orang lain (
orang kedua) mengalihkan hak penagihannya kepada pihak ketiga tanpa didasari
pihak ketiga ini berhutang kepada orang pertama. Jika A berhutang kepada B dan
A mengalihkan hak penagihan B kepada C, sementara C tidak punya hubungan hutang
pituang kepada B, maka hawalah ini disebut Muthlaqoh. Ini hanya dalam madzhab Hanafi
dan Syi’ah sedangkan jumhur ulama mengklasifikasikan jenis hawalah ini sebagai
kafalah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hawalah
Muqoyyadah terjadi jika Muhil mengalihkan hak penagihan Muhal kepada Muhal
Alaih karena yang terakhir punya hutang kepada Muhal. Inilah hawalah yang boleh
(jaiz) berdasarkan kesepakatan para ulama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga
madzhab selain madzhab hanafi berpendapat bahwa hanya membolehkan hawalah
muqayyadah dan menyariatkan pada hawalah muqayyadah agar utang muhal kepada
muhil dan utang muhal alaih kepada muhil harus sama, baik sifat maupun
jumlahnya. Jika sudah sama jenis dan jumlahny, maka sahlah hawalahnya. Tetapi
jika salah satunya berbeda, maka hawalah tidak sah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur
Kerelaan Dalam Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerelaan
Muhal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mayoritas
ulama Hanafiah, Malikiah dan Syafi’iah berpendapat bahwa kerelaan muhal (orang
yang menerima pindahan) adalah hal yang wajib dalam hawalah karena hutang yang
dipindahkan adalah haknya, maka tidak dapat dipindahkan dari tanggungan satu
orang kepada yang lainnya tanpa kerelaannya. Demikian ini karena penyelesaian
tanggungan itu berbeda-beda, bisa mudah, sulit, cepat dan tertunda-tunda.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanabilah
berpendapat bahwa jika muhal ‘alaih (orang yang berhutang kepada muhil) itu
mampu membayar tanpa menunda-nunda dan tidak membangkang, muhal (orang yang
menerima pindahan) wajib menerima pemindahan itu dan tidak diisyaratkan adanya
kerelaan darinya. Mereka mendasarkan hal ini kepada hadist yang telah diseutkan
di atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alasan
mayoritas ulama mengenai tidak adanya kewajiban muhal (orang yang menerima
pindahan) untuk menerima hawalah adalah karena muhal ‘alaih kondisinya
berbeda-beda ada yang mudah membayar dan ada yang menunda-nunda pembayaran.
Dengan demikian, jika muhal ‘alaih mudah dan cepat membayar hutangnya, dapat
dikatakan bahwa muhal wajib menerima hawalah. Namun jika muhal ‘alaih termasuk
orang yang sulit dan suka menunda-nunda memayar hutangnya, semua ulama
berpendapat muhal tidak wajib menerima hawalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerelaan
Muhal ‘Alaih</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mayoritas
ulama Malikiah, Syafi’iah dan Hanabilah berpendapat bahwa tidak ada syarat kerelaan
muhal ‘alaih, ini berdasarkan hadist yang artinya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jika alah seorang diantara kamu sekalian dipindahkan hutangnya kepada
orang kaya, ikutilah (terimalah). </i>(HR.Bukhari dan Muslim). Di samping itu,
hak ada pada muhil dan ia boleh menerimanya sendiri atau mewakilkan kepada
orang lain.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanafiah
berpendapat bahwa diisyaratkan adanya kerelaan muhal ‘alaih karena setiap orang
mempunyai sikap yang berbeda dalam menyelesaikan urusan hutang piutangnya, maka
ia tidak wajib dengan sesuatu yang bukan menjadi kewajibannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapat
yang rajih (valid) adalah tidak disyaratkan adanya kerelaan muhal ‘alaih. Dan
muhal ‘alaih akan membayar hutangnya dengan jumlah yang sama kepada siapa saja
dari keduanya. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beban
Muhil Setelah Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
hawalah berjalan sah, dengan sendirinya tanggung jawab muhil gugur. Andaikata
muhal ‘alaih mengalami kebangkrutan atau membantah hawalah atau meninggal
dunia, maka muhal tidak boleh kemali lagi kepada muhil, hal ini adalah pendapat
ulama jumhur.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecuali
madzhab maliki yang menyatakan bila muhil telah menipu muhal, ternyata muhal
‘alaih orang fakir yang tidak memiliki sesuatu apapun untuk membayar, maka
muhal boleh kembali lagi kepada muhil. Menurut imam Malik, orang yang
menghawalahkan hutang kepada orang lain, kemudian muhal ‘alaih mengalami
kebangkrutan atau meninggal dunia dan ia belum membayar kewajiban, maka muhal
tidak boleh kembali kepada muhil.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abu
Hanifah, Syarih dan Ustman berpendapat bahwa dalam keadaan muhal ‘alaih
mengalami kebangkrutan atau meninggal dunia, maka orang yang menghutangkan
(muhal) kembali lagi kepada muhil untuk menagihnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></sup></span></span></sup></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berakhirnya
Akad Hawalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akad
hawalah akan berakhir oleh hal-hal berikut ini. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena
dibatalkan atau fasakh. Ini terjadi jika akad hawalah belum dilaksanakan sampai
tahapan akhir lalu difasakh. Dalam keadaan ini hak penagihan dari Muhal akan
kembali lagi kepada Muhil.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilangnya
hak Muhal Alaih karena meninggal dunia atau bangkrut atau ia mengingkari adanya
akad hawalah sementara Muhal tidak dapat menghadirkan bukti atau saksi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
Muhal alaih telah melaksanakan kewajibannya kepada Muhal. Ini berarti akad
hawalah benar-benar telah dipenuhi oleh semua pihak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meninggalnya
Muhal sementara Muhal alaih mewarisi harta hawalah karena pewarisan merupakah
salah satu sebab kepemilikan. Jika akad ini hawalah muqoyyadah, maka
berakhirlah sudah akad hawalah itu menurut madzhab Hanafi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
Muhal menghibahkan atau menyedekahkan harta hawalah kepada Muhal Alaih dan ia
menerima hibah tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
Muhal menghapus bukukan kewajiban membayar hutang kepada Muhal Alaih.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hikmah
Disyari'atkannya Hawalah:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></sup></b></span></span></sup></span></a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah
SWT mensyari'atkan hawalah sebagai jaminan harta dan menunaikan hajat manusia.
Terkadang seseorang membutuhkan melepaskan tanggungannya kepada yang memberi
pinjaman, atau menyempurnakan haknya dari yang telah diberinya pinjaman. Dan
terkadang ia perlu memindahkan hartanya dari satu kota ke kota yang lain, dan
memindahkan harta ini bukan perkara mudah. Bisa jadi karena susah membawanya,
atau karena jauhnya jarak, atau karena perjalanan tidak aman, maka Allah SWT
mensyari'atkan hawalah untuk merealisasikan segala kebutuhan ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
orang yang berhutang memindahkan hutangnya kepada orang yang kaya, ia harus
memindahkan hutang. Dan jika ia memindahkannya kepada orang yang bangkrut dan
ia tidak tahu, niscaya ia kembali menuntut haknya kepada yang (muhil)
memindahkan hutang. Dan jika mengetahui dan ridha dengan pemindahan hutang
atasnya, maka ia tidak boleh kembali baginya. Dan menunda-nunda pembayaran
orang yang kaya adalah haram, karena mengandung kezaliman.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
Abu Hurairah R.A, bahwasanya Rasulullah SAW bersabda:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">م</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;">َ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">طْلُ ا لْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ فَاِذَا أُ تْبِعَ أَ حَدُكُمْ عَلَى
مَلِيٍ فَلْيَتَّبِعْ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya : “Menunda pembayaran bagi
orang yang mampu adalah kedzaliman. Dan jika salah seorang kamu diikutkan
(dihiwalahkan) kepada orang kaya yang mampu, maka turutlah.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></sup></b></span></span></sup></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
hawalah telah sempurna, hak itu berpindah dari tanggungan muhil (yang
memindahkan hutang) kepada tanggungan muhal 'alaih (yang dipindahkan hutang
atasnya) dan bebaslah tanggungan muhil.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hawalah menurut bahasa artinya “pindah”. Menurut istilah,
Hawalah adalah pemindahan piutang dari satu tanggungan kepada tanggungan yang
lain. Di dalam hawalah ada beberapa syarat yang harus terpenuhi, yaitu: (1)
Relanya pihak mihil dan muhal tanpa adanya muhal ‘alaih, jadi yang harus rela
itu adalah muhal ‘alaih. (2) Samanya kedua hak, baik jenis maupun kadarnya,
penyelesaiannya, tempo waktu, kualitas, dan kuantitasnya. (3) Stabilnya muhal
‘alaih, maka penghiwalahan kepada seseorang yang tidak mampu membayar utang
adalah batal. (4) Hak tersebut diketahui secara jelas. Selain syarat-syarat
yang harus dipenuhi dalam akad hawalah, ada juga rukun di dalam pelaksanaannya,
yaitu ijab dan qabul, yang mana ijab dan qabul ini dilakukan antara muhal dan
muhil. Proses pelaksanaan hawalah ditinjau dari segi objek akad Ada dua jenis
hawalah yaitu hawalah muthlaqoh dan hawalah Muqoyyadah. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikianlah
makalah tentang Pemindahan utang piutang (Hawalah) yang dapat kami uraikan,
semoga memberikan manfaat bagi kita dan dapat menambah khazanah keilmuan,
khususnya mengenai bahasan dalam Fiqh Mu’amalah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kami
menyadari bahwa dalam makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan dalam
tulisan maupun penyusunannya, karena selain kami masih dalam tahap belajar,
kami juga manusia biasa yang tidak akan lepas dari salah dan dosa. Oleh karena
itu, kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran konstruktif pembaca demi perbaikan
makalah kami selanjutmya. </span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Departemen Haji dan Wakaf Kerajaan
Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek Percetakan Al
Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>,
(Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i>
(Kamaluddin, A. Marzuki) Fikih Sunnah (Bandung: al-Ma’arif Bandung, 1988)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syaikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim
At-Tuwaijri, <i>Ringkasan Fiqih Islam 4, Bab Muamalah</i>, (Indonesia:
Islamhouse, 2009)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Departemen Haji dan
Wakaf Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, <i>Alqur’an dan Terjemah</i>, (Madinah: Komplek
Percetakan Al Qur’an Khadim Al Haramain asy Syarifaian Raja Fadh, 1412 H) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hendi Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i>
<i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid
Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i> (Kamaluddin, A. Marzuki) Fikih Sunnah (Bandung:
al-Ma’arif Bandung, 1988) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid
Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hendi
Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hendi
Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hendi
Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid
Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih
Sunnah 13,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih
Sunnah 13,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid
Sabiq, <i>Fikih Sunnah 13,</i></span><sup><span lang="EN-US"></span></sup></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hendi
Suhendi, <i>Fiqih</i> <i>Muamalah</i>, </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Syaikh Muhammad bin
Ibrahim At-Tuwaijri, <i>Ringkasan Fiqih Islam 4, Bab Muamalah</i>, (Indonesia :
Islamhouse, 2009), </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayyid Sabiq, <i>Fikih
Sunnah 13,</i> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-28815718246588024732014-10-12T05:56:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.751-08:00Logika, Penalaran dan Analisis Definisi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span>L O G I K A</span></u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">OLEH<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NAMA :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>FAISAL FAHMI</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NPM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: 11.11.107.63201.0014</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">FAKULTAS ILMU
SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">UNIVERSITAS WIDYA
GAMA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">SAMARINDA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Logika, Penalaran dan Analisis Definisi </span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></u><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><i><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b><b><i><u>Pengertian Logika</u></i></b><b><i><u>
</u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika merupakan cabang filsafat yang bersifat
praktis berpangkal pada penalaran, dan sekaligus juga sebagai dasar filsafat
dan sebagai sarana ilmu. Dengan fungsi sebagai dasar filsafat dan sarana ilmu
karena logika merupakan “jembatan penghubung” antara filsafat dan ilmu, yang
secara terminologis logika didefinisikan: Teori tentang penyimpulan yang sah.
Penyimpulan pada dasarnya bertitik tolak dari suatu pangkal-pikir tertentu,
yang kemudian ditarik suatu kesimpulan. Penyimpulan yang sah, artinya sesuai
dengan pertimbangan akal dan runtut sehingga dapat dilacak kembali yang
sekaligus juga benar, yang berarti dituntut kebenaran bentuk sesuai dengan isi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika sebagai teori penyimpulan, berlandaskan
pada suatu konsep yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk kata atau istilah, dan dapat
diungkapkan dalam bentuk himpunan sehingga setiap konsep mempunyai himpunan,
mempunyai keluasan. Dengan dasar himpunan karena semua unsur penalaran dalam
logika pembuktiannya menggunakan diagram himpunan, dan ini merupakan pembuktian
secara formal jika diungkapkan dengan diagram himpunan sah dan tepat karena sah
dan tepat pula penalaran tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan proses penalarannya dan juga sifat
kesimpulan yang dihasilkannya, logika dibedakan antara logika deduktif dan
logika induktif. Logika deduktif adalah sistem penalaran yang menelaah
prinsip-prinsip penyimpulan yang sah berdasarkan bentuknya serta kesimpulan
yang dihasilkan sebagai kemestian diturunkan dari pangkal pikirnya. Dalam
logika ini yang terutama ditelaah adalah bentuk dari kerjanya akal jika telah
runtut dan sesuai dengan pertimbangan akal yang dapat dibuktikan tidak ada
kesimpulan lain karena proses penyimpulannya adalah tepat dan sah. Logika
deduktif karena berbicara tentang hubungan bentuk-bentuk pernyataan saja yang
utama terlepas isi apa yang diuraikan karena logika deduktif disebut pula
logika formal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika induktif adalah sistem penalaran yang
menelaah prinsip-prinsip penyimpulan yang sah dari sejumlah hal khusus sampai
pada suatu kesimpulan umum yang bersifat boleh jadi. Logika ini sering disebut
juga logika material, yaitu berusaha menemukan prinsip-prinsip penalaran yang
bergantung kesesuaiannya dengan kenyataan, oleh karena itu kesimpulannya
hanyalah keboleh-jadian, dalam arti selama kesimpulannya itu tidak ada bukti
yang menyangkalnya maka kesimpulan itu benar, dan tidak dapat dikatakan pasti.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><i><u>Bahasa Logika</u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bahasa merupakan pernyataan pikiran atau
perasaan sebagai alat komunikasi manusia. Dan khusus alat komunikasi ilmiah
disebut dengan bahasa ilmiah, yaitu kalimat berita yang merupakan suatu
pernyataan-pernyataan atau pendapat-pendapat. Bahasa sangat penting juga dalam
pembentukan penalaran ilmiah karena penalaran ilmiah mempelajari bagaimana
caranya mengadakan uraian yang tepat dan sesuai dengan pembuktian-pembuktian
secara benar dan jelas. Bahasa secara umum dibedakan antara bahasa alami dan
bahasa buatan. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Bahasa alami ialah bahasa sehari-hari yang
biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu, yang tumbuh atas dasar pengaruh alam
sekelilingnya, dibedakan antara bahasa isyarat dan bahasa biasa. Bahasa buatan
ialah bahasa yang disusun sedemikian rupa berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan
akal pikiran untuk maksud tertentu, yang dibedakan antara bahasa istilahi dan
bahasa artifisial. Bahasa buatan inilah yang dimaksudkan bahasa ilmiah,
dirumuskan bahasa buatan yang diciptakan oleh para ahli dalam bidangnya dengan
menggunakan istilah-istilah atau lambang-lambang untuk mewakili
pengertian-pengertian tertentu.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sebagai pernyataan pikiran atau perasaan dan juga sebagai alat
komunikasi manusia karena bahasa mempunyai 3 fungsi pokok, yakni fungsi
ekspresif atau emotif, fungsi afektif atau praktis, dan fungsi simbolik dan
logik. Khusus untuk logika dan juga untuk bahasa ilmiah yang harus diperhatikan
adalah fungsi simbolik karena komunikasi ilmiah bertujuan untuk menyampaikan
informasi yang berupa pengetahuan. Agar komunikasi ilmiah ini berjalan dengan
baik maka bahasa yang dipergunakan harus logik terbebas dari unsur-unsur
emotif.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bahasa yang diungkapkan dalam bentuk pernyataan atau kalimat deklaratif
jika ditinjau berdasarkan isinya dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu
pernyataan analitik dan pernyataan sintetik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pernyataan (statement) dalam logika ditinjau dari segi bentuk hubungan
makna yang dikandungnya, pernyataan itu disamakan juga dengan proposisi.
Proposisi atau pernyataan berdasarkan bentuk isinya dibedakan antara 3 macam,
yakni proposisi tunggal, proposisi kategorik, dan proposisi majemuk.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tiga macam proposisi atau pernyataan di atas
yang sebagai dasar penalaran adalah proposisi kategorik untuk penalaran
kategorik, dan proposisi majemuk untuk penalaran majemuk. Adapun proposisi
tunggal atau proposisi simpel pengolahannya dapat masuk dalam penalaran
kategorik dan dapat juga masuk dalam penalaran majemuk.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><i><u>Sejarah Perkembangan Logika</u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika pertama-tama disusun oleh Aristoteles
(384-322 SM), sebagai sebuah ilmu tentang hukum-hukum berpikir guna memelihara
jalan pikiran dari setiap kekeliruan. Logika sebagai ilmu baru pada waktu itu,
disebut dengan nama “analitika” dan “dialektika”. Kumpulan karya tulis
Aristoteles mengenai logika diberi nama Organon, terdiri atas enam bagian.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Theoprastus (371-287 sM), memberi sumbangan terbesar dalam logika ialah
penafsirannya tentang pengertian yang mungkin dan juga tentang sebuah sifat
asasi dari setiap kesimpulan. Kemudian, Porphyrius (233-306 M), seorang ahli
pikir di Iskandariah menambahkan satu bagian baru dalam pelajaran logika. Bagian
baru ini disebut Eisagoge, yakni sebagai pengantar Categorie. Dalam bagian baru
ini dibahas lingkungan-lingkungan zat dan lingkungan-lingkungan sifat di dalam
alam, yang biasa disebut dengan klasifikasi. Dengan demikian, logika menjadi
tujuh bagian. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tokoh logika pada zaman Islam adalah Al-Farabi (873-950 M) yang
terkenal mahir dalam bahasa Grik Tua, menyalin seluruh karya tulis Aristoteles
dalam berbagai bidang ilmu dan karya tulis ahli-ahli pikir Grik lainnya.
Al-Farabi menyalin dan memberi komentar atas tujuh bagian logika dan
menambahkan satu bagian baru sehingga menjadi delapan bagian.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Karya Aristoteles tentang logika dalam buku Organon dikenal di dunia
Barat selengkapnya ialah sesudah berlangsung penyalinan-penyalinan yang sangat
luas dari sekian banyak ahli pikir Islam ke dalam bahasa Latin.
Penyalinan-penyalinan yang luas itu membukakan masa dunia Barat kembali akan
alam pikiran Grik Tua.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Petrus Hispanus (meninggal 1277 M) menyusun pelajaran logika berbentuk
sajak, seperti All-Akhdari dalam dunia Islam, dan bukunya itu menjadi buku
dasar bagi pelajaran logika sampai abad ke-17. Petrus Hispanus inilah yang
mula-mula mempergunakan berbagai nama untuk sistem penyimpulan yang sah dalam
perkaitan bentuk silogisme kategorik dalam sebuah sajak. Dan kumpulan sajak
Petrus Hispanus mengenai logika ini bernama Summulae.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Francis Bacon (1561-1626 M) melancarkan serangan sengketa terhadap
logika dan menganjurkan penggunaan sistem induksi secara lebih luas. Serangan
Bacon terhadap logika ini memperoleh sambutan hangat dari berbagai kalangan di
Barat, kemudian perhatian lebih ditujukan kepada penggunaan sistem induksi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembaruan logika di Barat berikutnya disusul oleh lain-lain penulis di
antaranya adalah Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz. Ia menganjurkan penggantian pernyataan-pernyataan
dengan simbol-simbol agar lebih umum sifatnya dan lebih mudah melakukan
analisis. Demikian juga Leonard Euler, seorang ahli matematika dan logika Swiss
melakukan pembahasan tentang term-term dengan menggunakan lingkaran-lingkaran
untuk melukiskan hubungan antarterm yang terkenal dengan sebutan circle-Euler.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John Stuart Mill pada tahun 1843 mempertemukan sistem induksi dengan
sistem deduksi. Setiap pangkal-pikir besar di dalam deduksi memerlukan induksi
dan sebaliknya induksi memerlukan deduksi bagi penyusunan pikiran mengenai
hasil-hasil eksperimen dan penyelidikan. Jadi, kedua-duanya bukan merupakan
bagian-bagian yang saling terpisah, tetapi sebetulnya saling membantu. Mill
sendiri merumuskan metode-metode bagi sistem induksi, terkenal dengan sebutan
Four Methods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika Formal sesudah masa Mill lahirlah sekian banyak buku-buku baru
dan ulasan-ulasan baru tentang logika. Dan sejak pertengahan abad ke-19 mulai
lahir satu cabang baru yang disebut dengan Logika-Simbolik. Pelopor logika simbolik
pada dasarnya sudah dimulai oleh Leibniz.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Logika simbolik pertama dikembangkan oleh George Boole dan Augustus de
Morgan. Boole secara sistematik dengan memakai simbol-simbol yang cukup luas
dan metode analisis menurut matematika, dan Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871)
merupakan seorang ahli matematika Inggris memberikan sumbangan besar kepada
logika simbolik dengan pemikirannya tentang relasi dan negasi. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tokoh logika simbolik yang lain ialah John Venn (1834-1923), ia
berusaha menyempurnakan analisis logik dari Boole dengan merancang diagram
lingkaran-lingkaran yang kini terkenal sebagai diagram Venn (Venn’s diagram)
untuk menggambarkan hubungan-hubungan dan memeriksa sahnya penyimpulan dari
silogisme. Untuk melukiskan hubungan merangkum atau menyisihkan di antara
subjek dan predikat yang masing-masing dianggap sebagai himpunan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perkembangan logika simbolik mencapai puncaknya pada awal abad ke-20
dengan terbitnya 3 jilid karya tulis dua filsuf besar dari Inggris Alfred North
Whitehead dan Bertrand Arthur William Russell berjudul Principia Mathematica
(1910-1913) dengan jumlah 1992 halaman. Karya tulis Russell-Whitehead Principia
Mathematica memberikan dorongan yang besar bagi pertumbuhan logika simbolik.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Di Indonesia pada mulanya logika tidak pernah menjadi mata pelajaran
pada perguruan-perguruan umum. Pelajaran logika cuma dijumpai pada
pesantren-pesantren Islam dan perguruan-perguruan Islam dengan mempergunakan
buku-buku berbahasa Arab. Pada masa </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sekarang ini logika di Indonesia sudah mulai berkembang sesuai
perkembangan logika pada umumnya yang mendasarkan pada perkembangan teori
himpunan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="21"></a><b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>
</i></b><b><i><u><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">DASAR-DASAR
PENALARAN</span></u></i></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="22"></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><i>
<b>Konsep dan term</b></i></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="23"></a><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akal manusia apabila menangkap sesuatu terwujud dengan membuat konsep
atau ide atau juga pengertian. Dengan demikian, buah atau hasil dari tangkapan
akal disebut dengan istilah “konsep”. Jadi ide dan konsep dalam logika adalah
sama artinya. Konsep atau ide atau juga pengertian adalah bersifat kerohanian
dan dapat diungkapkan ke dalam bentuk kata atau istilah atau juga beberapa
kata. Ungkapan pengertian dalam bentuk kata atau istilah disebut dengan “term”.</span><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></u></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="24"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Term sebagai
ungkapan konsep jika terdiri atas satu kata atau satu istilah maka term itu
dinamakan term sederhana atau term simpel, dan jika terdiri atas beberapa kata
maka term itu dinamakan term komposit atau term kompleks. Dan kata sebagai
suatu simbol untuk menyatakan konsep dibedakan antara dua macam, yaitu kata
kategorimatis dan kata sinkategorimatis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="25"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setiap term
mempunyai konotasi atau isi. Konotasi adalah keseluruhan arti yang dimaksudkan
oleh suatu term, yaitu kesatuan antara unsur dasar atau term yang lebih luas
dengan sifat pembeda yang bersama-sama membentuk suatu pengertian. Konotasi
secara singkat dapat dinyatakan merupakan suatu uraian tentang pembatasan arti
atau definisi sehingga konotasi term adalah suatu definisi karena menunjukkan
genus (jenis) dengan sifat pembeda.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="26"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setiap term
mempunyai denotasi atau lingkungan. Denotasi adalah keseluruhan hal yang
ditunjuk oleh term atau keseluruhan hal sejauh mana term itu dapat diterapkan.
Denotasi atau lingkungan atau sering juga disebut dengan luas, adalah mencakup
semua hal yang dapat ditunjuk atau lingkungan yang dimaksudkan oleh term. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="27"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Denotasi term ini menunjukkan adanya suatu
himpunan karena sejumlah hal-hal yang ditunjuk itu menjadi satu kesatuan dengan
ciri tertentu (sifat-sifat tertentu). Jadi, dengan adanya sifat-sifat yang
diuraikan oleh konotasi (isi term) maka dapatlah dihimpun beberapa hal tertentu
menjadi satu kesatuan. Dan dengan menunjukkan beberapa hal maka denotasi
berhubungan dengan kuantitas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="28"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konotasi dan
denotasi term, mempunyai hubungan yang erat tidak dapat terlepaskan, berbentuk
hubungan berbalikan (dasar balik) jika yang satu bertambah maka yang lain akan
berkurang, demikian sebaliknya. Dalam hal ini terdapat 4 kemungkinan sebagai
berikut. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(1) Makin
bertambah konotasi makin berkurang denotasi. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(2) Makin
berkurang konotasi makin bertambah denotasi. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(3) Makin
bertambah denotasi makin berkurang konotasi. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(4) Makin
berkurang denotasi makin bertambah konotasi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="29"></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><br />
<b><u>Berbagai Macam Term</u></b></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Term maupun konsep
banyak sekali macam-macamnya demikian juga pembagiannya. Berbagai macam
dikelompokkan atas 4 macam, yakni pembagian term menurut konotasinya, pembagian
term menurut denotasinya, pembagian menurut cara beradanya sesuatu, dan
pembagian menurut cara menerangkan sesuatu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="211"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan konotasi, term dibedakan atas term
konkret dan term abstrak. Di samping itu keduanya ada yang berada dalam
lingkungan hakikat, dan ada yang berada dalam lingkungan sifat.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="212"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="213"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hakikat konkret: yaitu menunjuk ke-”hal”-nya suatu
kenyataan yang berkualitas dan bereksistensi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="214"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hakikat abstrak: menyatakan suatu kualitas yang
tidak bereksistensi atau tidak ada dalam ruang dan waktu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="215"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sifat konkret: yaitu menunjuk pen-”sifatan”-nya
suatu kenyataan yang berkualitas dan bereksistensi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="216"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sifat abstrak: yaitu menyatakan pensifatan yang
terlepas dari eksistensi atau tidak ada dalam ruang dan waktu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="217"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan
denotasi term, dapat dibedakan term umum dan term khusus. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Term umum
dibedakan atas 2 macam sebagai berikut. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(1) Universal,
yaitu sifat umum yang berlaku di dalamnya tidak terbatas oleh ruang dan waktu.
(2) Kolektif, yaitu sifat umum yang berlaku di dalamnya menunjuk suatu kelompok
tertentu sebagai kesatuan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Term khusus juga dibedakan atas dua macam
sebagai berikut. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(1)
Partikular, yaitu sifat khusus yang berlaku hanya menunjuk sebagian tidak tertentu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(2) Singular, yaitu sifat khusus hanya
menunjuk pada satu hal atau suatu himpunan yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai
hanya satu anggota.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="218"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Predikamen yang dimaksudkan ialah cara
beradanya sesuatu. Term yang paling luas adalah term “ada” atau term “yang
ada”. Term “ada” selanjutnya dibagi dalam 2 macam, yaitu ada yang tidak
terbatas dan ada yang terbatas. Sesuatu yang ada (ada terbatas) pasti ada unsur
hakikat dan unsur sifat atau menurut filsafat dinyatakan secara singkat terdiri
atas substansi dan aksidensia. Substansi adalah hakikat sesuatu yang adanya
terdapat di dalam diri sendiri sebagai pendukung sifat-sifat. Aksidensia
merupakan kumpulan sifat zat, yang ada sembilan sifat, yaitu kuantitas,
kualitas, aksi, pasi, relasi, ruang, waktu, posisi, keadaan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="219"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Predikabel yang dimaksudkan ialah cara menerangkan sesuatu. Term
ditinjau cara menjelaskan dibedakan menjadi 5 macam, yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">genus</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">spesies</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diferensia</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">propium, dan </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aksiden. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Genus</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ialah himpunan golongan-golongan menunjukkan
hakikat yang berbeda bentuk tetapi terpadu oleh persamaan sifat.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Spesies</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ialah himpunan sesuatu yang menunjukkan
hakikat bersamaan bentuk maupun sifatnya sehingga dapat memisahkan dari
lain-lain golongan. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Diferensia</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ialah sifat pembeda yang menunjukkan hakikat
suatu golongan sehingga terwujud kelompok diri. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Propium</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ialah sifat khusus sebagai predikat yang
niscaya terlekat pada hakikat sesuatu diri sehingga dimiliki oleh seluruh
anggota golongan. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Aksiaden</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ialah sifat kebetulan sebagai predikat yang
tidak bertalian dengan hakikat sesuatu diri sehingga tidak dimiliki oleh
seluruh anggota golongan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="220"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dengan dasar lima predikabel tersebut dalam
menjelaskan sesuatu, apa yang dijelaskan tempatkan sebagai spesies, kemudian mencari
hubungan genus dan diferensianya, dan jika tidak mendapatkan dicari hubungan
genus dengan propiumnya, dan jangan menggunakan hubungan genus dengan aksiden.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="221"></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><b><i><b><br /></b></i></b>
<b><i><b><u>Prinsip-prinsip Penalaran</u></b></i></b><br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="222"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip-prinsip penalaran atau aksioma
penalaran merupakan dasar semua penalaran yang terdiri atas tiga prinsip yang
kemudian di tambah satu sebagai pelengkap. Aksioma atau prinsip dasar dapat
didefinisikan: suatu pernyataan mengandung kebenaran universal yang
kebenarannya itu sudah terbukti dengan sendirinya. Prinsip-prinsip penalaran
yang dimaksudkan adalah: prinsip identitas, prinsip nonkontradiksi, dan prinsip
eksklusi tertii, dan sebagai tambahan pelengkap prinsip identitas adalah
prinsip cukup alasan.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="223"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip identitas menyatakan: “sesuatu hal
adalah sama dengan halnya sendiri”. Sesuatu yang disebut p maka sama dengan p
yang dinyatakan itu sendiri bukan yang lain. Dalam suatu penalaran jika sesuatu
hal diartikan sesuatu p tertentu maka selama penalaran itu masih berlangsung
tidak boleh diartikan selain p, harus tetap sama dengan arti yang </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diberikan semula atau konsisten. Prinsip identitas menuntut sifat yang
konsisten dalam suatu penalaran jika suatu himpunan beranggotakan sesuatu maka
sampai kapan pun tetap himpunan tersebut beranggotakan sesuatu tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="224"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip nonkontradiksi menyatakan: “sesuatu
tidak mungkin merupakan hal tertentu dan bukan hal tertentu dalam suatu
kesatuan”, Prinsip ini menyatakan juga bahwa dua sifat yang berlawanan penuh
(secara mutlak) tidak mungkin ada pada suatu benda dalam waktu dan tempat yang
sama. Dalam penalaran himpunan prinsip nonkontradiksi sangat penting, yang
dinyatakan bahwa sesuatu hal hanyalah menjadi anggota himpunan tertentu atau
bukan anggota himpunan tersebut, tidak dapat menjadi anggota 2 himpunan yang
berlawanan penuh. Prinsip nonkontradiksi memperkuat prinsip identitas, yaitu
dalam sifat yang konsisten tidak ada kontradiksi di dalamnya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="225"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip eksklusi tertii menyatakan bahwa
“sesuatu jika dinyatakan sebagai hal tertentu atau bukan hal tertentu maka
tidak ada kemungkinan ketiga yang merupakan jalan tengah”. Prinsip eksklusi
tertii menyatakan juga bahwa dua sifat yang berlawanan penuh (secara mutlak)
tidak mungkin kedua-duanya dimiliki oleh suatu benda, mestilah hanya salah satu
yang dapat dimilikinya sifat p atau non p. Demikian juga dalam penalaran
himpunan dinyatakan bahwa di antara 2 himpunan yang berbalikan tidak ada
sesuatu anggota berada di antaranya, tidak mungkin ada sesuatu di antara
himpunan H dan himpunan non H sekaligus. Prinsip ketiga ini memperkuat prinsip
identitas dan prinsip nonkontradiksi, yaitu dalam sifat yang konsisten tidak
ada kontradiksi di dalamnya, dan jika ada kontradiksi maka tidak ada sesuatu di
antaranya sehingga hanyalah salah satu yang diterima.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="226"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip cukup alasan menyatakan: “suatu perubahan
yang terjadi pada sesuatu hal tertentu mestilah berdasarkan alasan yang cukup,
tidak mungkin tiba-tiba berubah tanpa sebab-sebab yang mencukupi”. Prinsip
cukup alasan ini dinyatakan sebagai tambahan bagi prinsip identitas karena
secara tidak langsung menyatakan bahwa sesuatu benda mestilah tetap tidak
berubah, tetap sebagaimana benda itu sendiri jika terjadi suatu perubahan maka
perubahan itu mestilah ada sesuatu yang mendahuluinya sebagai penyebab
perubahan itu.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="31"></a></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><i>
</i></b><b><u><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ANALISIS DAN DEFINISI</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><i><u>Analisis atau Pembagian</u></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="33"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisis merupakan proses mengurai sesuatu hal
menjadi berbagai unsur yang terpisah untuk memahami sifat, hubungan, dan
peranan masing-masing unsur. Analisis secara umum sering juga disebut dengan
pembagian. Dalam logika, analisis atau pembagian berarti pemecah-belahan atau
penguraian secara jelas berbeda ke bagian-bagian dari suatu keseluruhan. Bagian
dan keseluruhan selalu berhubungan. Suatu keseluruhan adalah terdiri atas
bagian-bagian. Oleh karena itu, dapat diuraikan.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="34"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keseluruhan pada umumnya dibedakan atas
keseluruhan logik dan keseluruhan realis. Keseluruhan logik merupakan
keseluruhan yang dapat menjadi predikat masing-masing bagiannya, sedang
keseluruhan realis merupakan keseluruhan yang tidak dapat dijadikan predikat
masing-masing bagiannya. Jika keseluruhan dibedakan antara keseluruhan logik
dan keseluruhan realis maka analisis dibedakan juga antara analisis logik dan
analisis realis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="35"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisis logik
adalah pemecah-belahan sesuatu ke bagian-bagian yang membentuk keseluruhan atas
dasar prinsip tertentu. Analisis logik selalu merupakan pembagian suatu
himpunan ke dalam subhimpunan, yang dibedakan atas analisis universal dan
analisis dikotomi. Analisis universal merupakan pemerincian suatu genus dibagi
ke dalam semua spesiesnya atau pemecah-belahan term umum ke term-term khusus
yang menyusunnya. Analisis dikotomi merupakan pemecah-belahan sesuatu dibedakan
menjadi dua kelompok yang saling terpisah, yang satu merupakan term positif
yang lain term negatif.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="36"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisis realis
adalah pemecah-belahan berdasarkan atas susunan benda yang merupakan kesatuan
dalam perwujudannya. Analisis realis dibedakan menjadi atas analisis esensial
dan analisis aksidental. Analisis esensial merupakan pemecah-belahan sesuatu
hal ke unsur dasar yang menyusunnya. Analisis aksidental merupakan
pemecah-belahan sesuatu hal berdasarkan sifat-sifat yang menyertai
perwujudannya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="37"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam analisis ada aturan-aturan tertentu yang
menjadi petunjuk untuk mengadakan analisis secara ideal supaya hasilnya tidak
menimbulkan kesalahan, yaitu analisis harus berjalan menurut sebuah asas
tertentu, analisis harus lengkap dan tuntas, analisis harus jelas terpisah
antarbagiannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="38"></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<b><i>
<b><u>Klasifikasi Penggolongan</u></b></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="39"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klasifikasi merupakan proses pengelompokan
sifat, hubungan, maupun peranan masing-masing unsur yang terpisah dalam suatu
keseluruhan untuk memahami sesuatu konsep universal. Klasifikasi bergerak dari
barang-barang, kejadian-kejadian, fakta-fakta atau proses-proses alam kodrat
individual yang beraneka ragam coraknya, menuju ke arah keseluruhan yang
sistematik dan bersifat umum. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perbedaan antara klasifikasi dan analisis adalah sebagai berikut:
Analisis lebih erat hubungannya dengan proses yang semata-mata bersifat formal,
sedang klasifikasi lebih bersifat empirik serta induktif.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="310"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembedaan klasifikasi didasarkan atas sifat
bahan-bahan yang akan digolong-golongkan disebut dengan klasifikasi kodrati,
dan maksud yang dikandung oleh orang yang mengadakan penggolongan disebut
dengan klasifikasi buatan, dan juga klasifikasi gabungan antara keduanya yang
disebut dengan klasifikasi perantara atau klasifikasi diagnostik.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="311"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klasifikasi kodrati ditentukan oleh susunan
kodrati, sifat-sifat dan atribut-atribut yang dapat ditemukan dari bahan-bahan
yang tengah diselidiki. Klasifikasi buatan ditentukan oleh sesuatu maksud yang
praktis dari seseorang, seperti untuk mempermudah penanganannya dan untuk
menghemat waktu serta tenaga. Klasifikasi diagnostik merupakan gabungan yang tidak
sepenuhnya kodrati dan juga tidak sepenuhnya buatan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="312"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum-hukum klasifikasi atau penggolongan yang
sama intinya dengan hukum-hukum analisis dapat ditentukan sebagai berikut:
Klasifikasi atau penggolongan harus hanya ada satu asas tertentu. Suatu klasifikasi
atau penggolongan harus sampai tuntas dan jelas. Unsur-unsur sebagai bagian
untuk menyusun konsep universal harus jelas terpisah satu dengan yang lain</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="313"></a><br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><i>
<b><u>Definisi atau Penjelasan</u></b></i></b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="314"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi merupakan unsur atau bagian dari ilmu
pengetahuan yang merumuskan dengan singkat dan tepat mengenai objek atau
masalah. Definisi sangat penting bagi seseorang yang menginginkan sanggup
berpikir dengan baik. Pernyataan sebagai suatu bentuk definisi harus terdiri
atas dua bagian, yaitu definiendum dan definiens, dua bagian ini harus ada jika
tidak bukanlah suatu definisi. Definisi atau batasan arti banyak macamnya, yang
disesuaikan dengan berbagai langkah, lingkungan, sifat, dan tujuannya. Secara
garis besar definisi dibedakan atas tiga macam, yakni definisi nominalis,
definisi realis, dan definisi praktis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="315"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi nominalis ialah menjelaskan sebuah
kata dengan kata lain yang lebih umum dimengerti. Jadi, sekadar menjelaskan
kata sebagai tanda, bukan menjelaskan hal yang ditandai. Definisi nominalis
terutama dipakai pada permulaan sesuatu pembicaraan atau diskusi. Definisi
nominalis ada 6 macam, yaitu </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi sinonim</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi simbolik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi
etimologik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi semantik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi
stipulatif, dan </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi
denotatif.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam membuat definisi nominalis ada 3 syarat yang
perlu diperhatikan, yaitu: jika sesuatu kata hanya mempunyai sesuatu arti
tertentu harus selalu diikuti menurut arti dan pengertiannya yang sangat biasa,
jangan menggunakan kata untuk mendefinisikan jika tidak tahu artinya secara
tepat jika arti sesuatu istilah menjadi objek pembicaraan maka harus tetap
diakui oleh kedua pihak yang berdebat.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="317"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi realis ialah penjelasan tentang hal
yang ditandai oleh sesuatu istilah. Jadi, bukan sekadar menjelaskan istilah,
tetapi menjelaskan isi yang dikandung oleh suatu istilah. Definisi realis ada 2
macam sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="318"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="319"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi Esensial. Definisi esensial, yakni
penjelasan dengan cara menguraikan bagian-bagian dasar yang menyusun sesuatu
hal, yang dapat dibedakan antrra definisi analitik dan definisi konotatif.
Definisi analitik, yakni penjelasan dengan cara menunjukkan bagian-bagian
sesuatu benda yang mewujudkan esensinya. Definisi konotatif, yakni penjelasan
dengan cara menunjukkan isi dari suatu term yang terdiri atas genus dan
diferensia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="320"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi Deskriptif. Definisi deskriptif, yakni
penjelasan dengan cara menunjukkan sifat-sifat yang dimiliki oleh hal yang
didefinisikan yang dibedakan atas dua hal, definisi aksidental dan definisi
kausal. Definisi aksidental, yakni penjelasan dengan cara menunjukkan jenis
dari halnya dengan sifat-sifat khusus yang menyertai hal tersebut, Definisi
kausal, yakni penjelasan dengan cara menyatakan bagaimana sesuatu hal terjadi
atau terwujud. Hal ini berarti juga memaparkan asal mula atau perkembangan dari
hal-hal yang ditunjuk oleh suatu term.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492" name="321"></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definisi praktis ialah penjelasan tentang
sesuatu hal ditinjau dari segi kegunaan atau tujuan, yang dibedakan atas 3
macam, definisi operasional, definisi fungsional, dan definisi persuasif.
Definisi operasional, yakni penjelasan suatu term dengan cara menegaskan
langkah-langkah pengujian khusus yang harus dilaksanakan atau dengan metode
pengukuran serta menunjukkan bagaimana hasil yang dapat diamati. Definisi
fungsional, yakni penjelasan sesuatu hal dengan cara menunjukkan kegunaan atau
tujuannya. Definisi persuasif, yakni penjelasan dengan cara merumuskan suatu
pernyataan yang dapat mempengaruhi orang lain. Definisi persuasif pada
hakikatnya merupakan alat untuk membujuk atau teknik untuk menganjurkan
dilakukannya perbuatan tertentu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam merumuskan definisi ada beberapa syarat yang perlu diperhatikan
supaya definisi yang dirumuskan itu baik dan betul-betul mengungkapkan
pengertian yang didefinisikan secara jelas dan mudah dimengerti. Syarat-syarat
definisi secara umum dan sederhana ada lima syarat, definisi harus menyatakan
ciri-ciri hakiki dari apa yang didefinisikan, definisi harus merupakan suatu
kesetaraan arti hal yang didefinisikan dengan yang untuk mendefinisikan,
definisi harus menghindarkan pernyataan yang memuat istilah yang didefinisikan,
definisi sedapat mungkin harus dinyatakan dalam bentuk rumusan yang positif,
definisi harus dinyatakan secara singkat dan jelas terlepas dari rumusan yang
kabur atau bahasa kiasan.</span></div>
<br />
<b><u>Pembagian
Materi Logika</u></b>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
Logika Formal dan Logika Material adalah salah satu
model dari pembagian Logika. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Formal di sini dimaksud sebagai suatu pengertian yang
mengacu pada bentuk baku yang telah ditetapkan untuk suatu hal berdasarkan
kaidah-kaidah logika.Sedangkan </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Material, ini dimengerti sebagai isi dari suatu
hal yang dapat dibuktikan atau dapat diverifikasi (diuji) kesahihannya
berdasarkan pada kenyataannya di dunia.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
PEMBAGIAN LOGIKA</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Logika dapat di sistematisasikan menjadi beberapa
golongan, tergantung dari mana kita meninjaunya. Dilihat dari segi kualitasnya,
mantiq/ logika dapat dibedakan menjadi logika naturalis (mantiq al-fitri) yaitu
kecakapan berlogika berdasarkan kemampuan akal bawaan manusia. Akal manusia
yang normal dapat bekerja secara spontan sesuai hukum-hukum logika dasar.
Bagaimanapun rendahnya inteligensi seseorang ia dapat membedakan bahwa sesuatu
itu adalah berbeda dengan sesuatu yang lain, dan bahwa kedua kenyataan yang
bertentangan tidaklah sama. Kemampuan berlogika naturalis pada tiap-tiap orang
berbeda-beda tergantung dari tingkatan pengetahuannya. Kita dapati para ahli
pidato, politikus dan mereka yang terbiasa bertukar pikiran dengan mengutarakan
jalan pemikiran dengan logis, meskipun barangkali mereka belum pernah membuka
buku logika sekalipun. Tetapi dalam menghadapi menghadapi masalah yang rumit
dan dalam berfikir, manusia banyak dipengaruhi oleh kecendrungan pribadi di
samping bahwa pengetahuan manusia terbatas mengakibatkan tidak mungkin
terhindar dari kesalahan. Untuk mengatasi kenyataan yang tidak dapat di
tanggulangi oleh mantiq al-fitri, manusia menyusun hukum-hukum patokan-patokan,
rumus-rumus berfikir lurus. Logika ini di sebut logika ARTIFISIALIS atau logika
ILMIAH (mantiq as-suri) yang bertugas membantu mantiq al-fitri,mantiq ini
memperhalus, mempertajam serta menunjukan jalan pemikiran agar akal dapat
bekerja lebih teliti, efisien, mudah dan aman. Mantiq inilah yang menjadi
pembahasan kita .<br />
Dilihat dari metodenya dapat di bedakan atas logika tradisional (mantiq
al-zadim) dan logika modern (mantiq al-hadis).<br />
logika tradisional adalah logika aristoteles, dan logika dari pada logikus yang
lebih kemudian, tetapi masih mengikuti sistem logka aristoteles. Para logikus
sesudah aristoteles tidak membuat perubahan atau mencipta sistem baru dalam
logika kecuali hanya membuat komentar yang menjadikan logika aristoteles lebih
elegant dengan sekedar mengadakan perbaikan-perbaikan dan membuang hal-hal yang
tidak penting dari logika aristoteles. Logika modern tumbuh dan mulai pada abad
XIII.<br />
Pemikiran yang benar dapat di bedakan menjadi dua bentuk yang berbeda secara
radikal yakni cara berfikir dari umum ke khusus dan cara berfikir dari khusus
ke umum. Cara pertama disebut berfikir deduktif dipergunakan dalam logika
formal yang mempelajari dasar-dasar persesuaian(tidak adanya pertentangan)
dalam pemikiran dengan menggunakan hukum-hukum, rumus-rumus ,patokan-patokan
befikir benar. Cara berfikir induktif di pergunakan dalam logika mateial, yang
mempelajari dasar-dasar persesuaian pikiran dengan kenyataan. Ia menilai hasil
pekerjaan logik formal dan menguji benar tidak nya dengan kenyataan empiris.
Cabang logika formal di sebut juga logika minor, logika material di sebut logika
mayor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemikiran</span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ASAS-ASAS PEMIKIRAN LOGIKA</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Dalam aktivitas
berfikir kita tidak boleh melalaikan patokan pokok yang oleh logika disebut
asas berfikir .<br />
Asas sebagaimana kita ketahui adalah pangkal atau asal dari mana sesuatu itu
muncul dan di mengerti. Maka “asas pemikiran” adalah pengetahuan dimana
pengetahuan lain muncul dan di mengerti. Kapasitas asas ini bagi kelurusan
berfikir adalah mutlak, dan salah benar nya suatu pemikiran tergantung
terlaksana tidaknya asas-asas ini. Ia adalah dasar daripada pengetahuan dan
ilmu. Asas pemikiran ini dapat di bedakan menjadi :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
1.asas identitas (principium identitatis =qanun zatiyah).<br />
Ia adalah dasar dari semua pemikiran dan bahkan asas pemikiran yang lain. Kita
tidak mungkin dapat berfikir tanpa asas ini. Prinsip ini mengatakan bahwa
sesuatu itu adalah dia sendiri bukan lainnya. Jika kita mengakui bahwa sesuatu
itu Z maka ia adalah Z dan bukan A,B atau C. Bila kita beri perumusan akan
berbunyi :”bila proposisi itu benar maka benarlah ia”.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
2. asas kontradiksi (principium contradictoris = qanun tanaqud).<br />
Prinsip ini mengatakan bahwa pengingkaran sesuatu tidak mungkin sama dengan
pengakuannya. Jika kita mengakui bahwa sesuatu itu bukan A maka tidak mungkin
pada saat itu ia adalah A, sebab realitas ini hanya satu sebagaimana di sebut
oleh asas identitas. Dengan kata lain: dua kenyataan yang kontradiktoris tidak
mungkin bersama-sama secara simultan. Jika kita hendak rumuskan, akan berbunyi:
“tidak ada proposisi yang sekaligus benar atau salah”.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
3. asas penolakan kemungkinan ketiga (principium exclusi tertii =qanun imtina).<br />
Asas ini mengatakan bahwa antara pengakuan dan pengingkaran kebenarannya
terletak pada salah satunya. Pengakuan dan pengingkaran merupakan pertentangan
mutlak, karena itu disamping tidak mungkin benar keduanya juga tidak mungkin
salah keduanya. Mengapa tidak mungkin salah kedunya ??<br />
Bila pernyataan dalam bentuk positifnya salah berarti ia memungkiri
realitasnya, atau dengan kata lain realitas ini bertentangan dengan
pernyataannya. Dengan begitu maka penyataan berbentuk ingkarlah yang benar,
karena inilah yang sesuai dengan realitas. Juga sebalik nya, jika pernnyataan
ingkarnya salah berarti ia mengingkari realitasnya. Pernyataan kontradiktoris
kebenarannya terdapat pada salah satunya (tidak memerlukan ketiga). Jika kita
rumuskan, akan berbunyi “suatu proposisi selalu dalam keadaan benar atau
salah”.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ada 2 Cara berfikir yang dapat kita gunakan
untuk mendapatkan pengetahuuan baru yang benar ,yaitu melalui metode induksi
dan metode deduksi .</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">induksi
adalah cara befikir untuk menarik kesimpulan yang bersifat umum dari kasus
kasus yang bersifat individual. Penalaran ini dimulai dari kenyataan-kenyataan
yang bersifat khusus dan terbatas di akhiri dengan pernyataan yang bersifat
umum.<br />
Seperti :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Besi
dipanaskan memuai<br />
Seng dipanaskan memuai<br />
Emas dipanaskan memuai<br />
Timah dipanaskan memuai<br />
Platina dipanaskan memuai</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
JADI : semua logam jika di panaskan akan memuai.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cara penalaran ini mempunyai 2 keuntungan .</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kita dapat dapat beffikir
secara ekonomis . meskipun eksperimen qta terbatas pad beberapa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>individual, kita bisa mendapatkan pengetahuan
yang lebih umum tidak sekedar kasus yang menjadi dasar pemikiran kita . Untuk
mendapatkan pengetahuan bahwa: semua logam memuai bila di panaskan, kita tidak
usah membuat penyelidikan terhadap setiap logam, tetapi cukup sebagian dari
padanya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pernyataan yang dihasilkan
melalui Cara berfikir induksi tadi memungkinkan proses penalaran selanjutnaya,
baik secara induktif. Secara induktif kita dapat menyimpulkan pernyataan tadi
kepada penyataan yang lebih umum lagi. Melnjutkan contoh tadi dari pernyataan
“semua logam jika di panaskan memuai”, dapat di tarik kesimpulan bahwa semua
benda memuai bila dipanaskan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Deduksi
adalah kegiatan berfikir merupakan kebalikan dari penalaran induksi .deduksi
adalah cara berfikir dari pernyataan yang bersifat umum, menuju kesimpulan yang
bersifat khusus.<br />
Seperti :<br />
semua logam bila dipanaskan, memuai<br />
tembaga adalah logam<br />
jadi tembaga bila dipanaskan memuai .</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dengan
penalaran induktif qta mendapat pengetahan bahw semua logam bila dipanaskan
memuai. Dengan penalaran deduktif qta mendapat pengetahuan yang tepercaya,
bahwa tembaga bila dipanaskan memuai, meskipun pengetahuan ini kita dapatkan
tidak melalui penelitian lebih dahulu. Inilah keuntungan cara berfikir
deduktif. Jadi antara penalaran induksi dan deduksi mempunyai hubungan sangat
erat. Mula-mula orang menggunakan penalaran induktif untuk mendapatkan
pernyataan yang bersifat umum. Pernyataan umum ini menjadi dasar pemikiran deduksi.
Dengan deduksi kita dapat mengetahui pengetahuan baru yang di cakup oleh
pernyataan induktifnya.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan Ilmu Logika Dengan
Ilmu-Ilmu Lainnya.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan pendapat terjadi
dikalangan ilmu logika baik muslim<span style="letter-spacing: 3.0pt;"> ataupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nonmuslim dan memposisikan ilmu logika. Ada
yang</span>mengatakan sebagai ilmu tersendiri, dan ada pula yang mengatakan<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">sebagai ilmu alat. Artinya, ilmu yang digunakan
dan dipersiapkan</span>untuk ilmu-ilmu lainnya. Semacam pisau, yang dibuat
dengan tujuan<span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;">sebagai alat memotong. Tetapi,
adajuga yang memadukan</span>keduanya, yaitu dari satu segi sebagai ilmu
tersendiri(mustaqil) dandari segi lain sebagai ilmu alat.<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Pada hakekatnya pikiran ketiga inilah yang benar.
Sebab tidakdilihat dari segi pembahasannya – lodika – mengenai aturan-aturanumum
berpikir; disisni pembahasannya tersendiri. Namun, dilihat </span><span style="letter-spacing: 4.5pt;">dari segi kegunaan ilmu logikasebagai alat guna
menarik</span>kesimpulan-kesimpulan Universal bagi setiap ilmu, maka ia sebagai
ilmu alat.Kesimpulannya, disamping logika sebagai ilmu tersendiri, ia juga<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">sebagai alat ilmu-ilmu yang lain. Hal inilah yang
ingin diterngkan</span>oleh para ahli ilmu logika muslim, termasuk Al-Farabi
dan Ibnu Sina,<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">sehingga dalam beberapa
karangan mereka, di yang satu dengan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">yang
lainnya berbeda dalam mendefinisikan logika, yakni disatu </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">tempat mengatakan sebagai ilmu sendiri,ditempat yang
lain </span>mengatakan sebagai ilmu alat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explisik & Inflisik</span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi
efektivitas eksplisit dan implisit </span></b></div>
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<a href="http://pakar-info.blogspot.com/2010/10/definisi-efektivitas-eksplisit-dan.html"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi efektivitas eksplisit dan implisit
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
<b>Definisi eksplisit:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
gamblang, tegas, terus terang, tidak berbelit-belit (sehingga orang dapat
menangkap maksudnya dengan mudah dan tidak mempunyai gambaran yang kabur atau
salah mengenai berita, keputusan, pidato, dsb); tersurat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
<b>eksplisit :</b> makna/maksud diajukan secara langsung dan jelas</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
implisit : makna/maksud diajukan tidak secara langsung dan sembunyi2</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
<b>contohnya :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
saya ingin km memberi bintang pd jawaban aq</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
aq bilang : bintangin jawaban aq pliz (eksplisit)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
jawaban lainnya gak pantas dibintangin (implisit)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
<b>Makna eksplisit adalah</b> makna absolut yang langsung diacu oleh bahasa.
Konsep makna ini bersifat denotatif (sebenarnya) sebagai representasi dari
bahasa kognitif.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Sedangkan <b>makna implisit adalah</b> makna universal yang disembunyikan oleh
bahasa.Konsep makna ini bersifat konotatif (kias) sebagai representasi dari
bahasa emotif. Makna eksplisit mengacu pada informasi, sedangkan makna implisit
mengacu pada emosi. </span></div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-5322518544052599132014-04-25T01:33:00.001-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.791-08:00Rokok Antara Manfaat Dan Mudharatnya (Bahaya Rokok)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dewasa ini, semakin maraknya pengguna rokok dari
berbagai kalangan masyarakat baik kalangan atas maupun menengah kebawah, pria,
wamita, orang tua, remaja, bahkan sampai kalangan anak-anak pun terjerat
prilaku buruk ini, suatu prilaku yang akan merugikan dirinya sendiri bahkan
orang lain. Mereka tidak peduli dengan bahaya yang akan mengamcam jiwa mereka.
Kebanyakan perokok sudah mengetahui bahaya dari rokok namun itu hanya lelucon
bagi mereka. Kecanduan dan ketergatungan pada rokok ini membuat mereka seolah
bersahabat dengan rokok. Padahal rokok merupakan musuh nyata yang akan
menghancurkan aspek-aspek kehidupannya terutama kesehatan, sosial, ekonomi dan
moral. Fenomena ini membuat kondisi masyarakat kita makin memprihatinkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak ada keinginan kuat untuk membebaskan diri dari
jeratan rokok, hal ini menjadi faktor pesatnya pertumbuhan pecandu rokok. Ada
yang ingin berhenti merokok tetapi ketika bertemu temannya yang memberikan
rokok ia merokok lagi. Menurut mereka tidak mudah berhenti merokok, karena
banyak orang di sekitar yang merokok bahkan orang yang menjadi teladan dalam
kehidupan mereka. Contoh seorang anak merokok karena orang tuanya merokok,
seorang murid ikut merokok lantaran gurunya juga merokok, atau seorang mahasiswa
tidak mau berhenti merokok karena dosennya yaitu orang yang menjadi teladannya
dan yang medidiknya juga seorang perokok, bukankah keteladanan itu merupakan
dasar utama suksesnya sebuah pedidikan?. Keteladanan merupakan juga faktor yang
sangat berpengaruh dalam pertmbuhan perokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berawal dari keprihatinan penulis terhadap kodisi masyarakat
dewasa ini yang banyak tergantung pada rokok dan membunuh diri secara
pelan-pelan dengan menghisap batangan rokok setiap hari, dan hal ini menjadi
alasan mengapa penulis mengangkat tema tentang rokok dalam makalah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas maka penulis dapat merumuskan masalah
yang berkaitan dengan masalah rokok sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa bahaya rokok?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana hukum rokok?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa tips membebaskan diri dari rokok?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun tujuan penulisan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui bahaya rokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengetahui hukum rokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjelaskan bagaimana tips membebaskan diri dari rokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistematika Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Makalah ini ditulis
dengan beberapa bab yaitu pertama pendahuluan, bahaya rokok, hukum rokok, tips
membebaskan diri dari rokok dan penutup </span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAHAYA ROKOK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merokok merupakan kebiasaan buruk yang dapat merugikan diri sendiri
maupun orang lain, kebiasaan ini juga akan merusak raga, jiawa, akal dan masa
depan. Merokok juga akan berbahaya kepada aspek-aspek kehidupan seperti
kesehatan, sosial, ekonomi, dan moral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahaya Rokok Bagi
Kesehatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Islam sangat memperhatikan kesehatan dan keselamatan umatnya. Oleh
karena itu, Islam menghalalkan segala sesuatu yang bermanfaat dan baik bagi
kesehatan seperti buah-buahan, minuman segar dan lain-lain. Disi lain Islam
juga mengharamkan segala yang jelek dan berbahaya seperti khamr, ganja dan
segala jenis narkotika lainnya. Lalu bagaimana dengan rokok, apakah rokok termasuk
barang yang jelek dan berbahaya? jika rokok termasuk barang yang berbahaya,
lalu apa bahaya yang dikandungnya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pusat Kebudayaan di kota Hallab pernah mengadakan seminar tentang
kesehatan. Dalam seminar tersebut disampaikan pidato ilmiah oleh para dokter
yang memiliki kesamaan pandangan bahwa rokok berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Rokok
merupakan faktor penting penyebab timbualnya serangan jantung, TBC, luka
lambung, dan lain-lain. Rokok mengandung berbagai racun, adapun racun yang
paling berbahaya adalah nikotin, tar, dan berbagai racun yang merusak lainnya. Dokter
Akhsa-I, apesialis penyakit dalam, dalam ceramahnya juga menegaskan bahwa
menghisap rokok sepuluh batang rokok sehari sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan
kemudian beliau berkata, “senbilan puluh persen penderita kanker adalah para
perokok.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ilmu pengetahuan modern<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membuktikan bahwa dalam rokok itu mengandung racun yang bernama nikotin.
Zat nikotin ini merupakan sejenis racun yang dibuktikan melalui eksperiman
terhadap seekor kelinci yang disuntikkan nikotin dan menyebabkan kelinci itu
pingsan, kemudian mati.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di Paris, Prancis yang belum lama
disebarluaskan, menjelaskan bahwa biaya konsumsi rokok pertahun yang
dikeluarkan oleh dunia mencapai 100 milyar US dollar. Bisa dikatakn bahwa siap
orang yang tinggal di bumi ini membeli 1000 batang rokok pertahun. Penelitian
tersebut juga menegaskan meski aktivitas merokok itu telah terbukti dapat
membunuh satu jiwa pertiga detik, namun aktivitas merokok bukannya berkurang
bahkan semakin bertambah. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan bahwa penyakit yang
memiliki hubungan dengan merokok telah menyebabkan 400.000 jiwa meninggal di
USA, 140.000 jiwa di jerman barat, 100.000 jiwa di inggris dan 70.000 jiwa di
italia.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari berbagai riset di atas kita dapat memahami bahwa rokok sangat jelas
berhaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Alasan apa lagi yang membuat kita tidak mau
berhenti merokok? Bukankah kita sudah mengetahui dampak buruknya. Maka tidaklah
heran jika kebanyakan ulama mengharamkan rokok. Karena rokok memepunyai
mudharat yang lebih banyak ketimbang manfaatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak ada orang yang ingin sakit. Semua orang mendambakan kesehatan
tubuh yang prima. Memang kesehatan bukan segalanya tetapi tanpa kesehatan
segalanya tidak berarti. Ketika seorang mengalami suatu penyakit ia rela
mengorbankan seluruh hartanya demi memperoleh kesembuhan. Begitu berharga
kesehatan itu, harta kekayaan yang melimpah tak mampu mengalahkan urgensi
kesehatan, apalah arti harta yang banyak kalau pemiliknya tidak bisa menikmati
hartanya lantaran sakit yang dideritanya. Dan bahkan dia rela mengorbankan
seluruh harta bendanya demi memperoleh sebuah kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahaya Rokok Ditinjau dari
Segi Sosial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Banyak orang yang merokok tidak menyadari bahwa hal yang dia lakukan itu
mengganggu orang yang di sekitarnya. Karena tidak semua orang suka dengan asap
rokok terlebih bagi mereka yang sudah mengetahui bahaya dari rokok tersebut.
Bau tak sedap yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keluar bersama
hembusan nafas perokok juga membuat orang merasa tak nyaman bersamanya, bahkan
banyak orang yang akan menjauhi darinya. Asap rokok menyababkan polusi udara
khususnya di ruangan tertutup dan ini pasti mengganggu orang yang ada di
sekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagaimana dijelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya bahwa rokok itu sangat
berbahaya bagi kesehatan penggunanya, namun rokok tidak hanya membahayakan bagi
kesehatan si perokok saja tetapi orang-orang yang ada di sekitarnya pun akan
terkena dampak buruk dari rokok tersebut. Asap rokok yang berterbangan di udara
akan dihirup oleh orang di sekitanya, ini yang disebut perokok pasif. Perokok
pasif ini lebih rentan terhadap bahaya rokok, karena zat racun berbahaya
didalamnya akan melemahkan jantunng, dan ia akan mudah terkena berbagai
penyakit seperti kanker, impotensi dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Suatu hal yang mengherankan, mayoritas perokok merupakan orang yang
tidak memiliki tenggang rasa, terbukti mereka tidak merasa mengganggu
orang-orang disekitar mereka, meskipun orang tersebut terletak di pembaringan
karena sakit. Mereka tidak mau peduli meskipun ada tulisan “DILARANG MEROKOK”,
sehingga para perokok menghisap rokok baik di dalam mobil, ruangan terutup,
pada saat rapat, bahkan dirumah sakit. Demikian pula tanpa beban seorang perokok
masuk masjid membawa bau tak sedap yang bisa mengganggu orang-orang yang shalat
dan para malaikat. Padahal islam menuntun seorang muslim untuk bersiwak pada
saat hendak shalat, juga memakai minyak wangi sehingga tubuhnya beraroma sedap<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahaya Rokok Dari Aspek
Ekonomi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merokok termasuk perbuatan yang menghambur-hamburkan harta tanpa ada
manfaat sedikit pun, akan tetapi kerugian yang akan muncul karena dampak
negatif dari rokok itu sendiri. Bayangkan seberapa banyak uang yang sudah
terbuang begitu saja hanya untuk memenuhi keinginan nafsu pada rokok tak
berfaedah itu. Seumpama dalam sehari seorang perokok menghabiskan satu bungkus
rokok seharga Rp.10.000,00, dalam sebulan ia menghabiskan 30 bungkus rokok dan
dalam setahun ia menghabiskan 360 bungkus rokok, maka ia sudah menghabiskan
uangnya sebanyak Rp.3.600.000,00, dalam setahun hanya untuk barang jelek yang
tak bermanfaat itu. Belum lagi biaya untuk penyembuhan penyakit akibat rokok
tersebut. Tidak ada untungnya merokok itu, namun sebaliknya kerugian akan
menimpanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika satu orang hanya menghabiskan satu bungkus rokok saja dalam sehari
bisa menghabiskan uang Rp. 3.600.000,00 pertahunnya, bagaimana jika 1000 orang
penduduk samarinda yang merokok satu bungkus dalam sehari?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Puntung rokok sangat sering nyebabkan terjadinya kebakaran bahan
sandang, tempat-tempat perdagangan, pompa bensin, percetakan dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Program pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kesehatan bangsa Indonesia tidak
akan pernah berhasil jika sumber penyakitnya tidak dihilangkan. Sudah berapa
banyak orang yang hanya menghabiskan jatah hidupnya dalam sebuah rumah sakit.
Tentu mengeluarkan biaya tidak sedikit dan perlu waktu untuk penyembuhan.
Kesejateraan juga akan terganggu karena biaya hidup habis hanya untuk biaya
pengobatan penyakit. Banyaknya orang terkena berbagai penyakit akan menghambat
pertumbuhan ekonomi bangsa. Karena sangat banyak dana yang dikeluarkan untuk
mengobati penyakit-penykit akibat rokok tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahaya Rokok Ditinjau dari
Segi Moral</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Orang yang kecanduan rokok akan berusaha mendapatkan rokok walau pun
dengan cara yang tidak sesuai dengan norma dan hukum agama islam. Seorang anak
muda yang kecanduan rokok terkadang juga mencuri uang oang tuanya untuk membeli
rokok. Kebanyakan juga orang yang terjerumus narkoba juga berawal dari rokok. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merokok merupakan perbuatan meniru gaya hidup orang kafir karena perokok
banyak ditemukan di bar-bar, bioskop, kafe-kafe, diskotik atau di tempat
perjudian, sehingga mereka beranggapan bahwa dunia adalah sebatang rokok dan
segelas bir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Generasi muda atau remaja yang merokok menunjukkan bahwa moral mereka
rendah dan tidak memilliki sopan santun terhadap sesama manusia maupun terhadap
tuhan penciptanya. Generasi yang baik itu adalah generasi yang memiliki akhlak
dan moral yang santun dan baik serta beradab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merokok bukan lambang kejantanan seseorang tetapi tapi itu tanda kebodohan
dan kelemahannya. Orang yang cerdas tentu tidak mau membuang harta hanya untuk
sebatang rokok yang jelek dan tidak berguna itu. Orang cerdas juga tidak mau
merusak tubuhnya sendiri dengan sebatang rokok yang dapat merusak kesehatan, akal,
moral dan masa depannya. Orang yang kuat bukanlah orang yang memperturutkan
hawa nafsu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kejantanan dan kekuatan
seorang dapat dilihat dari sejauh mana dia menjaga kesehatan baik kesehatan
jasmani maupun ruhani dan mampu mengendalikan hawa nafsunya dari hal-hal yang
buruk seperti rokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kebanyakan perokok membuang puntung rokok di sembarang tempat, sehingga
itu mengotori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lingkungan, ini
menunjukkan bahwa mereka tidak memiliki rasa atau kepekaan terhadap kebersihan
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merokok dapat
menaikkan tekanan darah sehingga orang yang merokok mudah marah, emosial, tress
dan lain-lain. Kebanyakan juga pelaku kriminal adalah perokok. Kerusakan jiwa
mereka karena rusaknya jasmani mereka sebagai akibat dari rokok yang terus
menggrogoti kesehatan jasmaninya. Pepatah mengatakan” jiwa yang sehat itu
terdapat pada raga yang sehat pula”. Karena segala sesuatu yang masuk ke dalam
tubuh akan berpengaruh terhadap akal pikiran. Makanan yang kita makan akan
menjadi energi bagi tubuh untuk berbuat sesuatu, jangan sampai energi tubuh
kita yang dihasilkan dari barang haram</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HUKUM ROKOK</span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebelumnya para ulama
berbeda pandangan terhadap hukum tembakau, maka mereka membagi menjadi lima kelompok:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Di antara mereka ada yang menyatakan bahwa tembakau haram bagi yang
terancam bahaya merokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Makruh, bagi yang sekedar mengganggu orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mubah (boleh), jika tidak terdapat tanda-tanda yang membahayakan, karena
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asal mula hukum dari segala sesuatu
adalah mubah (boleh).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunnah, jika diharapkan tembakau memiliki manfaat yang belum pasti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan wajib, jika tembakau merupakan satu-satunya zat yang dapat digunakan
untuk berobat, sedangkan hal tersebut disampaikan oleh seorang tabib (dokter)
yang jujur dan dapat dipercaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masa sekarang sangat penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa rokok <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan barang yang jelas mengandung banyak
racun berhaya yang dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya berbagai macam penyakit. </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rokok memang sesuatu yang tidak ditemukan di zaman Nabi,
akan tetapi agama Islam telah menurunkan nash-nash yang universal, semua hal
yang membahayakan diri, mencelakakan orang lain dan menghambur-hamburkan harta
adalah hal yang haram.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini dalil-dalil yang menunjukkan keharaman rokok<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>:</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firman Allah: <i>"Nabi
tersebut menghalalkan untuk mereka semua hal yang baik dan mengharamkan untuk
mereka semua hal yang jelek." (QS. Al A'raf: 157)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukankah rokok
termasuk barang yang jelek, berbahaya dan berbau tidak enak?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firman Allah: <i>"Janganlah
kalian campakkan diri kalian dalam kehancuran" (QS. Al</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baqarah:
195)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal rokok bisa
menyebabkan orang terkena berbagai penyakit berbahaya seperti kanker dan TBC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firman Allah: <i>"Dan
janganlah kalian melakukan perbuatan bunuh diri" (QS. An Nisa: 29)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal merokok
merupakan usaha untuk membunuh diri secara pelan-pelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika menjelaskan
tentang khamr dan judi, Allah berfirman: <i>"Dan dosa keduanya (khamr dan
judi) lebih besar daripada manfaat dua hal tersebut." (QS. Al Baqarah:
219)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian pula
dengan rokok, bahaya yang ditimbulkannya lebih besar daripada manfaatnya,
bahkan rokok sedikitpun tidak mengandung manfaat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firman Allah: <i>"Dan
janganlah engkau bersikap boros, sesungguhnya orang yang suka memboroskan
hartanya merupakan saudara-saudara setan." (QS. Al Isra:26-27)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah jelas bahwa
merokok merupakan perbuatan perbuatan boros dan menghambur-hamburkan harta benda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allah berfirman
tentang makanan penduduk neraka: <i>"Tidak ada makanan mereka kecuali dari
pohon yang berduri. Makanan tersebut tidak menyebabkan gemuk dan tidak pula
bisa menghilangkan rasa lapar." (QS. Al Ghasiyah:6-7)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian pula
dengan rokok, tidak membuat gemuk dan menghilangkan rasa lapar, sehingga rokok
itu menyerupai makanan penduduk neraka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Tidak boleh membahayakan diri sendiri
maupun orang lain." (HR. Ahmad, shahih)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal rokok itu
dapat membahayakan diri sendiri ataupun orang lain serta menyia-nyiakan harta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Sesungguhnya Allah itu membenci tiga
perkara untuk kalian, (yakni) berita yang tidak jelas, menghambur-hamburkan
harta dan banyak bertanya." (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal merokok
termasuk membuang harta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>''Setiap (dosa) umatku dimaafkan (akan
diampunkan) kecuali orang yang terang-terangan berbuat dosa." (HR. Bukhari
dan Muslim).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artinya setiap umat
Islam itu akan memperoleh pengampunan kecuali orang yang berbuat dosa dengan
terang-terangan, sebagaimana para perokok yang merokok tanpa rasa malu-malu,
bahkan mengajak orang lain untuk berbuat kemungkaran seperti mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Barangsiapa beriman kepada Allah dan
Hari Akhir maka janganlah ia mengganggu tetangganya." (HR. Bukhari)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau tidak sedap
karena merokok sangat mengganggu istri, anak dan tetangga terutama malaikat dan
orang-orang yang shalat di masjid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi shollallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Tidaklah dua telapak kaki seorang hamba bias
bergeser pada hari kiamat sebelum ditanya mengenai empat perkara, (yakni)
tentang kemana ia habiskan umurnya; untuk apa ia gunakan ilmunya; dari mana ia
memperoleh harta dan kemana ia belanjakan; untuk apa ia pergunakan
tubuhnya." (HR. Tirmidzi, dishahihkan oleh Al Albani dalam kitab Shahih Al
Jami dan Kitab Silsilah Shahihan)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal seorang
perokok membelanjakan hartanya untuk membeli rokok yang haram. Benda yang
sangat berbahaya bagi tubuh dan mengganggu orang lain yang berada di dekatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Barang yang dalam jumlah besarnya
dapat memabukkan, maka statusnya tetap haram meski dalam jumlah sedikit."
(HR. Ahmad dan lain-lain, shahih)</i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padahal asap rokok
dalam jumlah banyak dapat memabukkan, terutama untuk orang yang tidak terbiasa
merokok; atau pada saat perokok menghisap asap dalam jumlah yang banyak maka
orang tersebut akan sedikit mabuk. Hal ini telah ditegaskan oleh seorang dokter
dari Jerman dan seorang perokok yang pernah mencoba, sebagaimana penjelasan di
atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabda Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: <i>"Barangsiapa makan bawang merah atau
bawang putih maka hendaklah menjauhi kami, masjid kami dan hendaklah ia berdiam
saja di rumahnya." (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian orang tidak bisa menerima
pengharaman rokok meski dalil-dalil yang menunjukkan keharaman rokok itu banyak
sekali sebagaimana di atas. Khusus bagi perokok yang masih suka berkilah
tersebut, maka kami katakan, "Jika rokok tidak haram mengapa mereka tidak
merokok di masjid atau tempat suci yang lain. Namun kalian malah memilih
merokok di tempat pemandian umum, tempat-tempat hiburan dan tempat-tempat yang
terlarang?"</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian orang ada yang beralasan
bahwa merokok itu makruh saja. Sebagai jawaban kami katakan, "Jika
hukumnya makruh lalu mengapa kalian hisap. Bukankah makruh itu lebih dekat kepada
haram daripada ke halal!</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatikanlah hadits Nabi
shollallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam berikut ini:</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sungguh
hal yang halal itu jelas dan haram pun juga sudah jelas. Namun di antara
keduanya terdapat perkara-perkara yang tidak jelas. Kebanyakan orang tidak
mengetahui perkara-perkara tersebut. Barangsiapa berhati-hati terhadap hal yang
tidak jelas statusnya, maka sungguh ia telah menjaga agama dan kehormatannya.
Barangsiapa yang terjerumus dalam perkara yang tidak jelas, sungguh ia telah
terjerumus dalam perkara yang haram. Seperti seorang penggembala yang
menggembalakan ternaknya di dekat daerah larangan, ia akan segera menggembala
di daerah larangan tersebut." (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim)</span></i><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TIPS MEMBEBASKAN DIRI DARI ROKOK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada kata terlambat untuk
berubah menjadi baik, jangan putus asa bagi saudara yang sudah terlanjur
kecanduan merokok. Dengan kemauan yang kuat dan ikhlas insya Allah bisa
terbebaskan dari cengkraman rokok. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini merupakan kiat-kiat agar bisa meninggalkan
rokok:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berjanjilah kepada Allah untuk meninggalkan rokok di
hadapan sahabat-sahabatmu. Katakana,”andai antara aku dan dirimu wahai rokok
jarak sejauh timur dan barat , sesungguhnya engkau adalah seburuk-buruk teman,”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gantilah rokok dengan buah-buahan, asinan, permen, dan
makanan-makanan lain yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan suguhkan rokok pada hari raya, acara-acara
perayaan penuh kegembiraan, dan saat ada orang berkunjung, karena melakukannya
sama halnya menyakiti tamumu, engkau sia-siakan hartamu, engkau langgar aturan
agamamu!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terapi yang terbaik untuk meninggalkan rokok adalah
jangan pernah lagi merokok dan cari alasan untuk tidak menerimanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika rasa marah datang berlindunglah kepada Allah dan
berwudhu, karena rasa amarah merupakan api. Api hanya bisa dipadamkan dengan
air bukan dengan rokok dan api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jamaah haji jangan membawa oleh-oleh berupa rokok,
karena kurma, siwak dan air zam-zam merupakan sebaik-baik hadiah untuk
tamu-tamu mereka. Gantilah sebatang rokok yan berbahaya itu di mulutmu dengan kayu
siwak yang banyak mengandung faedah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berpuasa pada bulan ramadhandan pada bulan-bulan yang
lain adalah sarana yang sangat baik untuk bisa meninggalkan rokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdoalah kepada Allah:”Wahai Allah, nampakkanlah
kepada kami bahwa rokok itu adalah kebathilan, berilah kami untuk
meninggalkannya, dan jadikanlah kami orang yang membencinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jauhilah para perokok, bau asap rokok dan hati-hatilah
terhadapnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakailah kayu siwak atau permen karet saat timbul
keinginan untuk merokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persedikitlah meminum kopi dan teh, perbanyak
mengkonsumsi buah-buahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merokok adalah sebuah kebiasaan. Adapun kebiasaan
sangat mungkin untuk ditinggalkan dan meninggalkan kebiasaan tidaklah sulit. Oleh
karena itu hati-hatilah jangan sampai kembali merokok setelah berhasil
meninggalkannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika engkau ingin selamat dari kebiasaan merokok
lakukan petunjuk hadits dibawah ini: Rasulullah SAW. bersabda:” Barang siapa
bangun pada waktu malam lalu mengucapkan: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘tidak
ada sesembahan yang berhak disembah selain Allah tiada sekutu bagi-Nya. Hanya
milik-Nya kekuasaan dan segala puji. Dia maha kuasa terhadap segala sesuatu.
Maha suci Allah, segala puji hanya milik Allah. Tidak ada sesembahan yang
berhak disembah melainkan Allah. Allah itu maha besar. Tiada daya upaya
melainkan dengan bantuan Allah.” Kemudian melanjutkan dengan: Wahai Allah, ampunilah
aku atau berdoa apa saja (yang antara lain meminta agar bisa hidup tanpa rokok
–pent) tentu akan dikabulkan. Jika dia lalu berwudhu. Kemudian shalat maka
shalatnya tentu akan diterima. </i>(HR. Bukhari).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merokok merupakan hal yang harus ditinggalkan karena rokok mengandung
banyak bahayanya ketimbang manfaatnya. Rokok mengandung racun seperti nikotin,
tar, gas karbon monoksida, nitrogen oksida, dan gas amoniak. Racun-racun itu
akan melemahkan dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merusak organ tubuh
seperti jantung, hati, paru-paru, ginal dan organ-organ lainnya. Dari kersakan
inilah muncul berbagai penyakit seperti kanker, impotensi, gangguan janin,
serangan jantung, hipertensi dan lain-lain. Maka sangat jelas bahwa rokok
merupakan barang berbahaya yang harus kita singkirkan dari kehidupan kita.
Tubuh kita tidak membutuhkan rokok karena rokok itu bukan termasuk makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar ulama mengharamkan rokok karena seperti kita ketahui
bahwa islam mengharamkan segala hal yang buruk dan berhaya bagi kesehatan,
rokok termasuk barang yang berbahaya. Bukan pada hukum rokok yang menjadi soal,
tetapi yang terpenting adalah bagaimana usaha kita untuk menjaga tubuh yang
merupakan amanah dari Allah dan jika amanah ini tidak kita jaga, maka ingatlah
azab Allah amat pedih. Karena tubuh ini adalah harta yang paling berharga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurang dalam makalah ini, maka
untuk menjadi lebih baik perlu kritik dan saran dari para pembaca. Karena tanpa
adanya koreksi tidak akan sulit untuk menentukan pembenarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syaikh Jamil Zainu, Muhammad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">No
smoking tidak merokok karena Allah, </i>edisi Indonesia. media hidayah,
Jogjakarta ,2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhammad Nashr, Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rokok
haram</i>, edisi Indonesia, citra risalah, Yogyakarta, 2008 </span>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Syaikh muhammad jamil
zainu<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, No Smoking Tidak Merokok Karena
Allah</i>, jogjakarta: media hidayah, 2003.hlm.18</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 21</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid hlm. 23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 34-35.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid hlm.47-54</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid. hlm. 76-79</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-13986691384758761422014-04-25T01:29:00.001-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.830-08:00Produk Perbankan Syari'ah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PRODUK PERBANKAN SYARIAH</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span></b></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><u>roduk perbankan syariah dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu:
(I) Produk Penyaluran Dana, (II) Produk Penghimpunan Dana, dan (III) Produk
yang berkaitan dengan jasa yang diberikan perbankan kepada nasabahnya</u></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penyaluran Dana</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam menyalurkan
dana pada nasabah, secara garis besar produk pembiayaan syariah terbagi ke
dalam tiga kategori yang dibedakan berdasarkan tujuan penggunaannya yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi pembiayaan yang ditujukan untuk memiliki barang
dilakukan dengan prinsip jual beli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi pembiayaan yang ditujukan untuk mendapatkan jasa
dilakukan dengan prinsip sewa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi pembiayaan untuk usaha kerjasama yang ditujukan guna
mendapatkan sekaligus barang dan jasa, dengan prinsip bagi hasil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pada kategori pertama dan kedua,
tingkat keuntungan bank ditentukan di depan dan menjadi bagian harga atas
barang atau jasa yang dijual. Produk yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah
produk yang menggunakan prinsip jual-beli seperti <i>murabahah, salam, dan
istishna</i> serta produk yang menggunakan prinsip sewa yaitu<i> ijarah. </i>Sedangkan
pada kategori ketiga, tingkat keuntungan bank ditentukan dari besarnya
keuntungan usaha sesuai dengan prinsip bagi-hasil. Pada produk bagi hasil
keuntungan ditentukan oleh nisbah bagi hasil yang disepakati di muka. Produk
perbankan yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adaiah <i>musyarakah </i>dan<i>
mudharabah.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1. Prinsip Jual Beli (<i>Ba'i</i>)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip jual-beli
dilaksanakan sehubungan dengan adanya perpindahan kepemilikan barang atau benda
(<i>transfer of property</i>). Tingkat keuntungan bank ditentukan di depan dan
menjadi bagian harga atas barang yang dijual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Pembiayaan <i>Murabahah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Murabahah bi tsaman ajil</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau lebih dikenal sebagai <i>murabahah. Murabahah</i> berasal
dari kata <i>ribhu</i> (keuntungan) adalah transaksi jual-beli di mana bank
menyebut jumlah keuntungannya. Bank bertindak sebagai penjual, sementara
nasabah sebagai pembeli. Harga jual adalah harga beli bank dari pemasok ditambah
keuntungan. Kedua pihak harus menyepakati harga jual dan jangka waktu
pembayaran. Harga jual dicantumkan dalam akad jual-beli dan jika telah
disepakati tidak dapat berubah selama berlakunya akad. Dalam perbankan, <i>murabahah</i>
lazimnya dilakukan dengan cara pembayaran cicilan (<i>bi tsaman ajil</i>).
Dalam transaksi ini barang diserahkan segera setelah akad sedangkan pembayaran
dilakukan secara tangguh.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. <i>Salam</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salam</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah transaksi jual beli di mana barang yang diperjualbelikan
belum ada. Oleh karena itu barang diserahkan secara tangguh sedangkan
pembayaran dilakukan tunai. Bank bertindak sebagai pembeli, sementara nasabah
sebagai penjual. Sekilas transaksi ini mirip jual beli ijon, namun dalam transaksi
ini kuantitas, kualitas, harga, dan waktu penyerahan barang harus ditentukan
secara pasti.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
praktek perbankan, ketika barang telah diserahkan kepada bank, maka bank akan
menjualnya kepada rekanan nasabah atau kepada nasabah itu sendiri secara tunai
atau secara cicilan. Harga jual yang ditetapkan bank adalah harga beli bank
dari nasabah ditambah keuntungan. Dalam hal bank menjualnya secara tunai
biasanya disebut pembiayaan talangan (<i>bridging financing</i>). Sedangkan
dalam hal bank menjualnya secara cicilan, kedua pihak harus menyepakati harga jual
dan jangka waktu pembayaran. Harga jual dicantumkan dalam akad jual-beli dan
jika telah disepakati tidak dapat berubah selama berlakunya akad. Umumnya
transaksi ini diterapkan dalam pembiayaan barang yang belum ada seperti
pembelian komoditi pertanian oleh bank untuk kemudian dijual kembali secara
tunai atau secara cicilan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan umum <i>Salam</i>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelian
hasil produksi harus diketahui spesifikasinya secara jelas seperti jenis,
macam, ukuran, mutu dan jumlahnya. Misalnya jual beli 100 kg mangga harum manis
kualitas "A" dengan harga Rp5000 / kg, akan diserahkan pada panen dua
bulan mendatang.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
hasil produksi yang diterima cacat atau tidak sesuai dengan akad maka nasabah
(produsen) harus bertanggung jawab dengan cara antara lain mengembalikan dana
yang telah diterimanya atau mengganti barang yang sesuai dengan pesanan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat
bank tidak menjadikan barang yang dibeli atau dipesannya sebagai persediaan (<i>inventory</i>),
maka dimungkinkan bagi bank untuk melakukan akad <i>salam</i> kepada pihak
ketiga (pembeli kedua) seperti bulog, pedagang pasar induk atau rekanan.
Mekanisme seperti ini disebut dengan paralel <i>salam</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. <i>Istishna</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Produk <i>istishna</i> menyerupai produk <i>salam</i>, namun
dalam <i>istishna</i> pembayarannya dapat dilakukan oleh bank dalam beberapa
kali (termin) pembayaran. Skim <i>istishna</i> dalam bank syariah umumnya
diaplikasikan pada pembiayaan manufaktur dan konstruksi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan umum:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesifikasi
barang pesanan harus jelas seperti jenis, macam ukuran, mutu dan jumlah. Harga
jual yang telah disepakati dicantumkan dalam akad istishna dan tidak boleh
berubah selama berlakunya akad. Jika terjadi perubahan dari kriteria pesanan
dan terjadi perubahan harga setelah akad ditandatangani, maka seluruh biaya
tambahan tetap ditanggung nasab</span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.2.
Prinsip Sewa (Ijarah)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transaksi <i>ijarah</i> dilandasi adanya perpindahaan manfaat.
Jadi pada dasarnya prinsip <i>ijarah</i> sama saja dengan prinsip jual beli,
namun perbedaannya terletak pada objek transaksinya. Bila pada jual beli objek
transaksinya adalah barang, maka pada ijarah objek transaksinya adalah jasa.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada akhir masa sewa, bank dapat saja menjual barang yang
disewakannya kepada nasabah. Karena itu dalam perbankan syariah dikenal <i>ijarah
muntahhiyah bittamlik</i> (sewa yang diikuti dengan berpindahnya kepemilikan).
Harga sewa dan harga jual disepakati pada awal perjanjian.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3. Prinsip Bagi Hasil
(<i>Syirkah</i>)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk pembiayaan syariah yang didasarkan prinsip bagi hasil
adalah:<b> </b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<i> Musyarakah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
umum dari usaha bagi hasil adalah <i>musyarakah</i> (<i>syirkah</i> atau <i>syarika</i>h
atau serikat atau kongsi). Transaksi <i>musyarakah</i> dilandasi adanya
keinginan para pihak yang bekerjasama untuk meningkatkan nilai asset yang
mereka miliki secara bersama-sama. Termasuk dalam golongan <i>musyarakah</i>
adalah semua bentuk usaha yang melibatkan dua pihak atau lebih dimana mereka
secara bersama-sama memadukan seluruh bentuk sumber daya baik yang berwujud
maupun tidak berwujud.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara spesifik bentuk kontribusi dari pihak yang bekerjasama
dapat berupa dana, barang perdagangan (<i>trading asset</i>), kewiraswastaan (<i>entrepreneurship</i>),
kepandaian (<i>skill</i>), kepemilikan (<i>property</i>), peralatan (<i>equipment</i>)
, atau <i>intangible asset</i> (seperti hak paten atau <i>goodwill</i>),
kepercayaan/reputasi (<i>credit worthiness</i>) dan barang-barang lainnya yang
dapat dinilai dengan uang. Dengan merangkum seluruh kombinasi dari bentuk
kontribusi masing-masing pihak dengan atau tanpa batasan waktu menjadikan
produk ini sangat fleksibel.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan
umum:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua modal disatukan
untuk dijadikan modal proyek <i>musyarakah</i> dan dikelola bersama-sama.
Setiap pemilik modal berhak turut serta dalam menentukan kebijakan usaha yang
dijalankan oleh pelaksana proyek. Pemilik modal dipercaya untuk menjalankan
proyek musyarakah tidak boleh melakukan tindakan seperti:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggabungkan
dana proyek dengan harta pribadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjalankan
proyek musyarakah dengan pihak lain tanpa ijin pemilik modal lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi
pinjaman kepada pihak lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
pemilik modal dapat mengalihkan penyertaan atau digantikan oleh pihak lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
pemilik modal dianggap mengakhiri kerjasama apabila:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>¥ Menarik diri dari perserikatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 12.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>¥ Meninggal dunia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 12.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>¥ Menjadi tidak cakap
hukum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya yang
timbul dalam pelaksanaan proyek dan jangka waktu proyek harus diketahui
bersama. Keuntungan dibagi sesuai kesepakatan sedangkan kerugian dibagi sesuai
dengan porsi kontribusi modal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyek yang
akan dijalankan harus disebutkan dalam akad. Setelah proyek selesai nasabah
mengembalikan dana tersebut bersama bagi hasil yang telah disepakati untuk
bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.4pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 12.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. <i>Mudharabah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara spesifik terdapat
bentuk <i>musyarakah</i> yang popular dalam produk perbankan syariah yaitu <i>mudharabah</i>.
<i>Mudharabah</i> adalah bentuk kerjasama antara dua atau lebih pihak dimana
pemilik modal (<i>shahibul maal</i>) mempercayakan sejumlah modal kepada
pengelola (<i>mudharib</i>) dengan suatu perjanjian pembagian keuntungan.
Bentuk ini menegaskan kerjasama dengan kontribusi 100% modal dari <i>shahibul
maal</i> dan keahlian dari <i>mudharib</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi jenis ini
tidak mensyaratkan adanya wakil <i>shahibul</i> <i>maal</i> dalam manajemen
proyek. Sebagai orang kepercayaan, <i>mudharib</i> harus bertindak hati-hati
dan bertanggung jawab untuk setiap kerugian yang terjadi akibat kelalaian.
Sedangkan sebagai wakil shahibul maal dia diharapkan untuk mengelola modal
dengan cara tertentu untuk menciptakan laba optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan yang esensial
dari musyarakah dan mudharabah terletak pada besarnya kontribusi atas manajemen
dan keuangan atau salah satu diantara itu. Dalam mudharabah modal hanya
berasal dari satu pihak, sedangkan dalam musyarakah modal berasal dari dua
pihak atau lebih. musyarakah dan mudharabah dalam literatur fiqih berbentuk
perjanjian kepercayaan (uqud al amanah) yang menuntut tingkat kejujuran yang
tinggi dan menjunjung keadilan. Karenanya masing-masing pihak harus menjaga
kejujuran untuk kepentingan bersama dan setiap usaha dari masing-masing pihak
untuk melakukan kecurangan dan ketidakadilan pembagian pendapatan betul-betul
akan merusak ajaran Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah modal
yang diserahkan kepada nasabah selaku pengelola modal; harus diserahkan tunai,
dapat berupa uang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>atau barang yang
dinyatakan nilainya dalam satuan uang. Apabila modal diserahkan secara
bertahap, harus jelas tahapannya dan disepakati bersama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil dan
pengelolaan modal pembiayaan <i>mudharabah</i> dapat diperhitungkan dengan dua
cara:<span style="mso-text-raise: 3.5pt; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>¥ (Perhitungan dari pendapatan
proyek (<i>revenue sharing</i>) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>¥ (Perhitungan dari
keuntungan proyek (<i>profit sharing</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil usaha
dibagi sesuai dengan persetujuan dalam akad, pada setiap bulan atau waktu yang
disepakati. Bank selaku pemilik modal menanggung seluruh kerugian kecuali akibat
kelalaian dan penyimpangan pihak nasabah, seperti penyeleweng-an, kecurangan
dan penyalahgunaan dana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank berhak
melakukan pengawasan terhadap pekerjaan namun tidak berhak mencampuri urusan
pekerjaan/usaha nasabah. Jika nasabah cidera janji dengan sengaja misalnya
tidak mau membayar kewajiban atau menunda pembayaran kewajiban, dapat
dikenakan sanksi administrasi.</span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.4pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 166.1pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudharabah Muqayyadah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik mudharabah<i>
muqayadah</i> pada dasarnya sama dengan persyaratan di atas. Perbedaannya
adalah terletak pada adanya pembatasan penggunaan modal sesuai dengan permintaan
pemilik modal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4. Akad Pelengkap</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mempermudah
pelaksanaan pembiayaan, biasanya diperlukan juga akad pelengkap. Akad
pelengkap ini tidak ditujukan untuk mencari keuntungan, namun ditujukan untuk
mempermudah pelaksanaan pembiayaan. Meskipun tidak ditujukan untuk mencari
keuntungan, dalam akad pelengkap ini dibolehkan untuk meminta pengganti
biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk melaksanakan akad ini. Besarnya pengganti
biaya ini sekedar untuk menutupi biaya yang benar-benar timbul. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. <i>Hiwalah</i> (Alih
Utang-Piutang)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Hiwalah</i> adalah transaksi mengalihkan utang piutang.
Dalam praktek perbankan syariah fasilitas <i>hiwalah</i> lazimnya untuk
membantu <i>supplier</i> mendapatkan modal tunai agar dapat melanjutkan
produksinya. Bank mendapat ganti biaya atas jasa pemindahan piutang. Untuk
mengantisipasi resiko kerugian yang akan timbul, bank perlu melakukan
penelitian atas kemampuan pihak yang berutang dan kebenaran transaksi antara
yang memindahkan piutang dengan yang berutang. Katakanlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seorang <i>supplier</i> bahan
bangunan menjual barangnya kepada pemilik proyek yang akan dibayar dua bulan
kemudian. Karena kebutuhan <i>supplier</i> akan likuiditas, maka ia meminta
bank untuk mengambil alih piutangnya. Bank akan menerima pembayaran dari
pemilik proyek.</span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. <i>Rahn</i> (Gadai)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan akad <i>rahn</i>
adalah untuk memberikan jaminan pembayaran kembali kepada bank dalam
memberikan pembiayaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang yang digadaikan wajib memenuhi kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Milik
nasabah sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelas
ukuran, sifat, dan nilainya ditentukan berdasarkan nilai riil pasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
dikuasai namun tidak boleh dimanfaatkan oleh bank. Atas izin bank, nasabah
dapat menggunakan barang tertentu yang digadaikan dengan tidak mengurangi nilai
dan merusak barang yang digadaikan. Apabila barang yang digadaikan rusak </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">atau cacat, maka nasabah harus
bertanggungjawab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apabila nasabah wanprestasi, bank
dapat melakukan penjualan barang yang digadaikan atas perintah hakim. Nasabah
mempunyai hak untuk menjual barang tersebut dengan seizin bank. Apabila hasil
penjualan melebihi kewajibannya, maka kelebihan tersebut menjadi milik
nasabah. Dalam hasil penjualan tersebut lebih kecil dari kewajibannya, nasabah
menutupi kekurangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.4pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt center 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">c. <i>Qardh<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Qardh</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> adalah pinjaman uang. Aplikasi <i>qardh</i>
dalam perbankan biasanya dalam empat hal, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai pinjaman talangan haji,
dimana nasabah calon haji diberikan pinjaman talangan untuk memenuhi syarat
penyetoran. Biaya perjalanan haji. Nasabah akan melunasinya sebelum keberangkatannya
ke haji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai pinjaman tunai (<i>cash
advanced</i>) dari produk kartu kredit syariah, dimana nasabah diberi
keleluasaan untuk menarik uang tunai milik bank melalui ATM. Nasabah akan
mengembalikannya sesuai waktu yang ditentukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai pinjaman kepada pengusaha
kecil, dimana menurut perhitungan bank akan memberatkan si pengusaha bila
diberikan pembiayaan dengan skema jual beli, <i>ijarah</i>, atau bagi hasil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai pinjaman kepada pengurus
bank, dimana bank menyediakan fasilitas ini untuk memastikan terpenuhinya
kebutuhan pengurus bank. Pengurus bank akan mengembalikannya secara cicilan
melalui pemotongan gajinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.4pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d. <i>Wakalah</i> (Perwakilan)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Wakalah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> dalam aplikasi perbankan terjadi
apabila nasabah memberikan kuasa kepada bank untuk mewakili dirinya melakukan
pekerjaan jasa tertentu, seperti pembukuan L/C, inkaso dan transfer uang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bank dan nasabah yang dicantumkan
dalam akad pemberian kuasa harus cakap hukum. Khusus untuk pembukaan L/C, apabila
dana nasabah ternyata tidak cukup, maka penyelesaian L/C (<i>settlement L/C</i>)
dapat dilakukan dengan pembiayaan <i>murabahah, salam, ijarah, mudharabah,</i>
atau <i>musyakarah.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kelalaian dalam menjalankan kuasa
menjadi tanggung jawab bank, kecuali kegagalan karena <i>force majeure</i>
menjadi tanggung jawab nasabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Apabila bank yang ditunjuk lebih dari
satu, maka masing-masing bank tidak boleh bertindak sendiri-sendiri tanpa
musyawarah dengan bank yang lain, kecuali dengan seizin nasabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tugas, wewenang dan tanggung jawab
bank harus jelas sesuai kehendak nasabah bank. Setiap tugas yang dilakukan harus
mengatasnamakan nasabah dan harus dilaksanakan oleh bank. Atas pelaksanaan
tugasnya tersebut, bank mendapat pengganti biaya berdasarkan kesepakatan
bersama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pemberian kuasa berakhir setelah
tugas dilaksanakan dan disetujui bersama antara nasabah dengan bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.4pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e. <i>Kafalah</i> (Garansi Bank)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Garansi bank dapat diberikan dengan
tujuan untuk menjamin pembayaran suatu kewajiban pembayaran. Bank dapat mempersyaratkan
nasabah untuk menempatkan sejumlah dana untuk fasilitas ini sebagai<i> rahn</i>.
Bank dapat pula menerima dana tersebut dengan prinsip <i>wadi ah</i>. Bank
mendapatkan pengganti biaya atas jasa yang diberikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 13.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Produk Penghimpunan Dana</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">enghimpunan dana di bank syariah
dapat berbentuk giro, tabungan dan deposito. Prinsip operasional syariah yang
diterapkan dalam penghimpunan dana masyarakat adalah prinsip <i>wadi ah</i> dan
<i>mudharabah.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2.1. Prinsip <i>Wadiah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Prinsip <i>Wadi’ah</i> yang
diterapkan adalah <i>wadi ah yad dhamanah</i> yang diterapkan pada produk
rekening giro. <i>Wadi’ah</i> <i>dhamanah</i> berbeda dengan <i>wadi’ah amanah</i>.
Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>wadi’ah</i> <i>amanah</i>,
pada prinsipnya harta titipan tidak boleh dimanfaatkan oleh yang dititipi.
Sedangkan dalam hal <i>wadi’ah</i> <i>dhamanah</i>, pihak yang dititipi (bank)
bertanggung jawab atas keutuhan harta titipan sehingga ia boleh memanfaatkan
harta titipan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Karena <i>wadi’ah</i> yang diterapkan
dalam produk giro perbankan ini juga disifati dengan <i>yad dhamanah</i>, maka
implikasi hukumnya sama dengan <i>qardh</i>, dimana nasabah bertindak sebagai
yang meminjamkan uang, dan bank bertindak sebagai yang dipinjami. Jadi mirip
seperti yang dilakukan Zubair bin Awwam ketika menerima titipan uang di jaman
Rasulullah SAW'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ketentuan umum dari produk ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
atau kerugian dari penyaluran dana menjadi hak milik atau ditanggung bank,
sedang pemilik dana tidak dijanjikan imbalan dan tidak menanggung kerugian.
Bank dimungkinkan memberikan bonus kepada pemilik dana sebagai suatu insentif
untuk menarik dana masyarakat namun tidak boleh diperjanjikan di muka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank harus
membuat akad pembukaan rekening yang isinya mencakup izin penyaluran dana yang
disimpan dan persyaratan lain yang disepakati selama tidak bertentangan dengan
prinsip syariah. Khusus bagi pemilik rekening giro, bank dapat memberikan buku
cek, bilyet giro, dan debit card.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terhadap
pembukaan rekening ini bank dapat mengenakan pengganti biaya administrasi untuk
sekedar menutupi biaya yang benar-benar terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan-ketentuan
lain yang</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
berkaitan dengan rekening giro dan tabungan tetap berlaku selama tidak
bertentangan dengan prinsip syariah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 2.2. Prinsip <i>Mudharabah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam mengaplikasikan prinsip <i>mudharabah</i>, penyimpan
atau deposan bertindak sebagai <i>shahibul maal</i> (pemilik modal) dan bank
sebagai <i>mudharib</i> (pengelola). Dana tersebut digunakan bank untuk
melakukan pembiayaan <i>murabahah</i> atau <i>ijarah</i> seperti yang telah
dijelaskan terdahulu. Dapat pula dana tersebut digunakan bank untuk melakukan
pembiayaan <i>mudharabah</i>. Hasil usaha ini akan dibagi hasilkan berdasarkan
nisbah yang disepakati. Dalam hal bank menggunakannya untuk melakukan
pembiayaan <i>mudharabah</i>, maka bank bertanggung jawab penuh atas kerugian
yang terjadi2. Rukun <i>mudharabah</i> terpenuhi sempurna (ada <i>mudharib</i>
- ada pemilik dana, ada usaha yang akan dibagi hasilkan, ada nisbah, ada ijab
kabul). Prinsip <i>mudharabah</i> ini diaplikasikan pada produk tabungan
berjangka dan deposito berjangka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Berdasarkan kewenangan yang diberikan pihak penyimpan
dana, prinsip <i>mudharabah</i> terbagi tiga yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.65pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">a. <i>Mudharabah</i>
<i>mutlaqah</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penerapan
<i>mudharabah</i> <i>mutlaqah</i> dapat berupa tabungan dan deposito sehingga
terdapat dua jenis penghimpunan dana yaitu: tabungan <i>mudharabah</i> dan
deposito <i>mudharabah</i>. Berdasarkan prinsip ini tidak ada pembatasan bagi
bank dalam menggunakan dana yang dihimpun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ketentuan
umum dalam produk ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bank wajib </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memberitahukan
kepada pemilik dana mengenai nisbah dan tata cara pemberitahuan keuntungan dan
atau pembagian keuntungan secara resiko yang dapat ditimbulkan dari penyimpanan
dana. Apabila telah tercapai kesepakatan; maka hal tersebut harus dicantumkan
dalam akad.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
tabungan mudharabah, bank dapat memberikan buku tabungan sebagai bukti
penyimpanan, serta kartu ATM dan atau alat penarikan lainnya kepada penabung.
Untuk deposito mudharabah, bank wajib memberikan sertifikat atau tanda
penyimpanan (bilyet) deposito kepada deposan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabungan
mudharabah dapat diambil setiap saat oleh penabung sesuai dengan perjanjian
yang disepakati, namun tidak <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>diperkenankan
mengalami saldo negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deposito
mudharabah hanya dapat dicairkan sesuai dengan jangka waktu yang telah
disepakati. Deposito yang diperpanjang, setelah jatuh tempo akan diperlakukan
sama seperti deposito baru, tetapi bila pada akad sudah dicantumkan perpanjangan
otomatis maka tidak perlu dibuat akad baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 1.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketentuan-ketentuan
yang lain yang berkaitan dengan tabungan dan deposito tetap berlaku sepanjang
tidak bertentangan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
dengan prinsip syariah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">b. <i>Mudharabah Muqayyadah on
Balance Sheet</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jenis <i>mudharabah</i> ini merupakan
simpanan khusus (<i>restricted investment</i>) dimana pemilik dana dapat
menetapkan syarat-syarat tertentu yang harus dipatuhi oleh bank. Misalnya
disyaratkan digunakan untuk bisnis tertentu, atau disyaratkan digunakan
dengan akad tertentu, atau disyaratkan digunakan untuk nasabah tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Karakteristik jenis simpanan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilik dana
wajib menetapkan syarat tertentu yang harus diikuti oleh bank wajib membuat
akad yang mengatur persyaratan penyaluran dana simpanan khusus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank wajib
memberitahukan kepada pemilik dana mengenai nisbah dan tata cara pemberitahuan
keuntungan dan atau <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pembagian
keuntungan secara resiko yang dapat ditimbulkan dari penyimpanan dana. Apabila
telah tercapai kesepakatan, maka hal tersebut harus dicantumkan dalam akad.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
tanda bukti simpanan bank menerbitkan bukti simpanan khusus. Bank wajib
memisahkan dana dari rekening lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
deposito mudharabah, bank wajib memberikan sertifikat atau tanda penyimpanan
(bilyet) deposito</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
kepada deposan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">c.
<i>Mudharabah Muqayyadah off Balance Sheet</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jenis <i>mudharabah</i> ini merupakan
penyaluran dana <i>mudharabah</i> langsung kepada pelaksana usahanya, dimana
bank bertindak sebagai perantara (<i>arranger</i>) yang mempertemukan antara
pemilik dana dengan pelaksana usaha. Pemilik dana dapat menetapkan
syarat-syarat tertentu yang harus dipatuhi oleh bank dalam mencari kegiatan
usaha yang akan dibiayai dan pelaksana usahanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Karakteristik
jenis simpanan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tanda bukti simpanan
bank menerbitkan bukti simpanan khusus. Bank wajib memisahkan dana dari
rekening lainnya. Simpanan khusus dicatat pada pos tersendiri dalam rekening
administratif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dana
simpanan khusus harus disalurkan secara langsung kepada pihak yang diamanatkan
oleh pemilik dana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank
menerima komisi atas</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
jasa mempertemukan kedua pihak. Sedangkan antara pemilik dana dan pelaksana
usaha berlaku nisbah bagi hasil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. Akad Pelengkap</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mempermudah pelaksanaan penghimpunan dana, biasanya
diperlukan juga akad pelengkap. Akad pelengkap ini tidak ditujukan untuk
mencari keuntungan, namun ditujukan untuk mempermudah pelaksanaan pembiayaan.
Meskipun tidak ditujukan untuk mencari keuntungan, dalam akad pelengkap ini
dibolehkan untuk meminta pengganti biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk
melaksanakan akad ini. Besarnya pengganti biaya ini sekedar untuk menutupi
biaya yang benar-benar timbul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakalah</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Perwakilan)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakalah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam aplikasi perbankan terjadi apabila nasabah memberikan
kuasa kepada bank untuk mewakili dirinya melakukan pekerjaan jasa tertentu,
seperti inkaso dan transfer uang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Jasa Perbankan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank syariah dapat melakukan berbagai pelayanan jasa perbankan
kepada nasabah dengan mendapat imbalan berupa sewa atau keuntungan. Jasa
perbankan tersebut antara lain berupa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1. Sharf (Jual Beli Valuta Asing)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada prinsipnya jual-beli valuta asing sejalan dengan prinsip
sharf. Jual beli mata uang yang tidak sejenis ini, penyerahannya harus
dilakukan pada waktu yang sama (spot). Bank mengambil keuntungan dari jual beli
valuta asing ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 8.5pt 207.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2. ljarah (Sewa)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #181512; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kegiatan ijarah antara lain penyewaan kotak simpanan (safe
deposit box) dan jasa tata-laksana administrasi dokumen (custodian). Bank dapat
imbalan sewa dari jasa tersebut.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">***</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Tulisan ini bagian dari bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Buku Saku Perbankan Syariah” yang
diterbitkan oleh Pusat Komunikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ekonomi Syariah (PKES) dan dibagikan gratis ke masyarakat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com1Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-20120624899647434162014-04-25T01:11:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.871-08:00Hukum Keluarga<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Keluarga</span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahulua
</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terbentuknya
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu keluarga itu karena adanya
perkawinan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkawinan adalah ikatan
lahir batin antara seorang pria dengan seorang wanita sebagai suami istri
dengan tujuan membentuk sebuah keluarga (rumah tangga) yang bahagia. Sehingga Keluarga
dalam arti sempit artinya yaitu sepasang suami istri dan anak-anak yang
dilahirkan dari perkawinan itu, tetapi tidak mempunyai anak juga bisa dikatakan
bahwa suami istri merupakan suatu keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan
definisi hukum kekeluargaan secara garis besar adalah hukum yang bersumber pada
pertalian kekeluargaan. Pertalian kekeluargaan ini dapat terjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena pertalian darah, ataupun terjadi
karena adanya sebuah perkawinan. Hubungan keluarga ini sangat penting karena
ada sangkut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paut nya dengan hubungan
anak dan orang tua, hukum waris, perwalian dan pengampuan.</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian hukum keluarga</span></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Istilah
hukum keluarga berasal dari terjemahan kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>familierecht</i> (belanda) atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law of familie</i> (inggris).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i><u>Istilah keluarga dalam arti sempit adalah orang seisi rumah, anak istri,
sedangkan dalam arti luas keluarga berarti sanak saudara atau anggota kerabat
dekat</u></i>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali affandi mengatakan bahwa hukum
keluarga diartikan sebagai “Keseluruhan ketentuan yang mengatur hubungan hukum
yang bersangkutan dengan kekeluargaan sedarah dan kekeluargaan karena
perkawinan (perkawinan, kekuasaan orang tua, perwalian, pengampuan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>,
keadaan tak hadir).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun pendapat-pendapat lain mengenai hukum keluarga,
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 36.0pt 58.5pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Van Apeldoorn</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hukum
keluarga adalah peraturan hubungan hukum yang timbul dari hubungan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.S.T Kansil</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hukum keluarga memuat rangkaian
peraturan hukum yang timbul dari pergaulan hidup kekeluargaan</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R. Subekti</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum keluarga adalah hukum yang mengatur
perihal hubungan-hubungan hukum yang timbul dari hubungan kekeluargaan</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rachmadi Usman</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum kekeluargaan adalah
ketentuan-ketentuan hukum yang mengatur mengenai hubungan antar pribadi alamiah
yang berlainan jenis dalam suatu ikatan kekeluargaan</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Djaja S. Meliala</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum keluarga adalah keseluruhan ketentuan
yang mengatur hubungan hukum antara keluarga sedarah dan keluarga kerena
terjadinya perkawinan</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudarsono</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 450.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
kekeluargaan adalah keseluruhan ketentuan yang menyangkut hubungan hukum
mengenai kekeluargaan sedarah dan kekeluargaan karena perkawinan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dua pokok
kajian dalam definisi hukum keluarga yang dikemukakan oleh Ali Affiandi, yaitu
mengatur hubungan hukum yang berkaitan: </span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga sedarah dan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertalian keluarga karena turunan disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keluarga sedarah</i>,artinya sanak saudara
yang senenek moyang. Keluarga sedarah ini ada yang ditarik menurut garis bapak
yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matrinial</i> dan ada yang
ditarik menurut garis ibu dan bapak yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parental </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bilateral.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertalian keluarga karena perkawinan
disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keluarga semenda</i>, artinya
sanak saudara yang terjadi karena adanya ikatan perkawinan, yang terdiri dari
sanak saudara suami dan sanak saudara istri. Sedangkan pertalian keluarga
karena adat disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keluarga adat</i>,
artinya yang terjadi karena adanya ikatan adat, misalnya saudara angkat.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 19.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Hukum Keluarga</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya sumber hukum keluarga dapat dibedakan menjadi
dua macam, yaitu sumber hukum tertulis dan tidak tertulis. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sumber hukum keluarga tertulis adalah sumber hukum yang
berasal dari berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan, yurisprudensi, dan traktat.
Sedangkan sumber hukum tak tertulis adalah sumber hukum yang tumbuh dan
berkembang dalam kehidupan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sumber hukum keluarga tertulis, dikemukakan berikut ini</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kitab
Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata)</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peraturan
Perkawinan Campuran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regelijk op de
Gemengdehuwelijk),</i>Stb.1898 Nomor 158</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ordonasi
perkawinan Indonesia, Kristen, Jawa, Minahasa, dan Ambon, Stb.1933 Nomor 74</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">UU
Nomor 32 Tahun 1954 tentang Pencatatan Nikah, Talak, dan Rujuk (beragama Islam)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PP
Nomor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 tahun 1975 tentang Peraturan
Pelaksanaan UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">PP
Nomor 10 Tahun 1983 jo.PP Nomor 45 Tahun 1990 tentang Izin Perkawinan dan
Perceraian Bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selain itu yang 7 ini yang
menjadi sumber hukum keluarga tertulis adalah Inpres Nomor 1 tahun 1991 tentang
Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Kompilasi Hukum Islam ini hanya berlaku
bagi orang-orang yang beragama Islam saja.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas-Asas
Hukum keluarga</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap KUH Perdata dan UU Nomor
1 tahun 1974 dirumuskan beberapa asas yang cukup prinsip dalam Hukum Keluarga,
yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas
monogamy,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
asas ini mengandung makna bahwa seorang pria hanya boleh mempunyai seorang
istri, dan seorang istri hanya boleh mempunyai seorang suami.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas
konsensual,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
yakni asas yang mengandung makna bahwa perkawinan dapat dikatakan sah apabila
terdapat persetujuan atau consensus antara calon suami-istri yang akan
melangsungkan perkawinan.</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
persatuan bulat, yakni suatu asas dimana antara suami-istri terjadi persatuan
harta benda yang dimilikinya.(Pasal 119 KUHPerdata)</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas proporsional,yaitu suatu asas
dimana hak dan kedudukan istri adalah seimbang dengan hak dan kewajiban suami
dalam kehidupan rumah tangga dan di dalam pergaulan masyarakat.( </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal
31 UUNo.1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan)</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas tak dapat dibagi-bagi,yaitu suatu
asas yang menegaskan bahwa dalam tiap perwalian hanya terdapat seorang wali. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengecualian
dari asas ini adalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
perwalian itu dilakukan oleh ibu sebagai orang tua yang hidup lebih lama maka
kalau ia kawin lagi, suaminya menjadi wali serta/wali peserta<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika
sampai ditunjuk pelaksana pengurusan yang mengurus barang-barang dari anak di
bawah umur di luar Indonesia</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas
prinsip calon suami istri harus telah matang jiwa raganya.( Pasal 7 UU No.1
Tahun 1974)</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas
monogamy terbuka/poligami terbatas, asas yang mengandung makna bahwa seorang
suami dapat beristri lebih dari seorang dengan izin dari pengadilan setelah
mendapat izin dari istrinya dengan dipenuhhinya syarat-syarat yang ketat<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas perkawinan agama, asas yang
mengandung makna suatu perkawinan hanya sah apabila dilaksanakan sesuai dengan
hukum agama dan kepercayaannya masing-masing.( </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal
31 UUNo.1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan)</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas
perkawinan sipil, asas yang mengandung makna bahwa perkawinan adalah sah
apabila dilaksanakan dan dicatat oleh pegawai pencatat sipil (kantor catatan
sipil), perkawinan secara agama belum berakibat sahnya suatu perkawinan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang
Lingkup Hukum Keluarga</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah kita mengetahui apa pengertian hukum keluarga maka
dapat kita ketahui bahwa apa-apa saja ruang lingkup dalam hukum keluarga. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ruang linkup dalam hukum keluarga itu meliputi:
perkawinan, perceraian, harta benda dalam perkawinan, kekuasaan orang tua,
pengampuan, dan perwalian. Namun di dalam bagian hukum keluarga hanya
difokuskan pada kajian perkawinan, perceraian, dan harta benda dalam
perkawinan. </span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hak
dan Kewajiban dalam Hukum Keluarga</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebagai suatu hubungan
hukum, perkawinan menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban suami istri. Yang dimaksud
“hak”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ialah sesuatu yang merupakan milik
atau dapat dimiliki oleh suami atau istri yang timbul karena perkawinannya. Sedangkan
“kewajiban” ialah sesuatu yang harus dilakukan atau diadakan oleh suami atau
istri untuk memenuhi hak dan dari pihak yang lain.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak dan kewajiban dalam
hukum keluarga dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga macam, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hak
dan kewajiban antara suami istri</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak
dan kewajiban antara orang tua dengan anaknya</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak
dan kewajiban antara anak dengan orang tuanya manakala oarng tuanya telah mengalami
proses penuaan</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak dan kewajiban antara
suami istri adalah hak dan kewajiban yang timbul karena adanya perkawinan
antara mereka. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hak dan kewajiban suami istri diatur dalam
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak
dan kewajiban antara suami istri adalah sebagai berikut:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
istri memikul kewajiban yang luhur untuk menegakkan rumah tangga yang menjadi
sendi dasar dari susunan masyarakat</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak
dan kedudukan istri adalah seimbang dengan hak dan kedudukan suami dalam
kehidupan rumah tangga dan pergaulan hidup dalam masyarakat</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masing-masing
pihak berhak untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum( Pasal 31 ayat 2)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suami adalah kepala keluarga
dan istri ibu rumah tangga.( Pasal 31 ayat 3)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
istri harus mempunyai tempat kediaman yang tetap,yang ditentukan bersama.( </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal
31 ayat 4 dan Pasal 32 ayat 1)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suami istri wajib saling
mencintai , hormat-menghormati, setia dan member bantuan lahir batin yang satu
dengan yang lain.( Pasal 33)</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suami wajib melindungi istrinya
dan memberikan segala sesuatu keperluan hidup berumah tangga sesuai dengan
kemampuannya.(Pasal 34 ayat 1)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Istri
wajib mengatur urusan rumah tangga sebaik-baiknya.( </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal
31 ayat 2)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika
suami atau istri melalaikan kewajibannya masing-masing dapat mengajukan gugatan
kepada Pengadilan ( Pasal 31 ayat 3)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hak dan kewajiban suami istri yang diatur dalam dalam UU
perkawinan pada dasarnya mengandung persamaan dengan hak dan kewajiban yang
diatur dalam Hukum Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun kewajiban khusus suami kepada istri yang di
Instruksi oleh Presiden RI No. 1 Tahun 1991 tentang Kompilasi Hukum Islam:</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
adalah pembimbing terhadap istri dan rumah tangganya, akan tetapi mengenai
hal-hal urusan rumah tangga yang penting-penting diputuskan oleh suami istri
bersama</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
wajib melindungi istrinya dan memberikan segala sesuatu keperluan hidup berumah
tangga dengan kemampuannya</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
wajib memberi pendidikan agama kepada istrinya dan memberi kesempatan belajar
pengetahuan yang berguna dan bermanfaat bagi agama, nusa dan bangsa</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sesuai
dengan penghasilan suami menanggung:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nafkah,
kiswah dan tempat kediaman bagi si istri</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Biaya
rumah tangga, biaya perawatan dan biaya pengobatan bagi istri dan anak</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya
pendidikan bagi si anak</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewajiban suami terhadap
istrinya seperti tersebut pada ayat (4) huruf a dan b di atas mulai berlaku
sesudah ada tamkin sempurna dari istrinya</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istri dapat membebaskan
suaminya dari kewajiban terhadap dirinya sebagaimana tersebut pada ayat (4) huruf
a dan b di atas</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewajiban suami sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (5) gugur apabila istri nusyuz<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
itu , suami juga mempunyai kewajiban untuk menyediakan tempat kediaman untuk
istri dan anak-anaknya. Di dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam ditegaskan bahwa:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
wajib menyediakan tempat kediaman bagi istri dan anak-anaknya atau bekas istri
yang masih iddah</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tempat
kediaman adalah tempat tinggal yang layak untuk istri selama dalam ikatan
perkawinan, atau dalam iddah talak atau iddah wafat</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tempat
kediaman disediakan untuk melindungi istri dan anak-anaknya dari gangguan pihak
lain, sehingga mereka merasa aman dan tentram. Tempat tinggal juga berfungsi
sebagai tempat menyimpan harta kekayaan, sebagai tempat menata dan mengatur
alat-alat rumah tangga</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
wajib melengkapi tempat kediaman sesuai dengan kemampuannya serta disesuaikan
dengan keadaan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya, baik berupa alat perlengkapan
rumah tangga maupun sarana penunjang lainnya</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun suami yang beristri
lebih dari 1 orang, juga di atur dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suami
yang mempunyai istri lebih dari seorang berkewajiban memberikan tempat tinggal
dan biaya hidup kepada masing-masing istri secara berimbang menurut besar
kecilnya jumlah keluarga yang ditanggung masing-masing istri, kecuali jika ada
perjanjian perkawinan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
hal para istri ikhlas, suami dapat menempatkan istrinya dalam satu tempat
kediaman</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di dalam Kompilasi Hukum
Islam juga dijelaskan beberapa kewajiban bagi istri yang dianggap nusyuz</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Istri
dapat dianggap nusyuz jika ia tidak mau melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajiban
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal 83 ayat (1) kecuali dengan alasan yang sah</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selama
istri dalam nusyuz, kewajiban suami terhadap istrinya tersebut pada pasal 80
ayat (4) huruf a dan b tidak berlaku kecuali hal-hal untuk kepentingan anaknya</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kewajiban
suami tersebut pada ayat (2) di atas berlaku kembali sesudah istri tidak nusyuz</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ketentuan
ada atau tidak adanya nusyuz dari istri harus didasarkan atas bukti yang sah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun dalam bukunya Lili
Rasjidi juga membagi hak dan kewajiban suami istri dalam dua kategori,ada
kewajiban umum antara suami istri dan ada pula kewajiban khusus baik suami
maupun istri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutnya, kewajiban umum di antara keduanya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kedua
pihak hendaknya saling hormat-menghormati, sopan santun dan penuh pengertian</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memelihara
kepercayaan dan tidak membuka rahasia masing-masing walaupun pada saat ada
kericuhan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masing-masing
harus sabar atas kekurangan dan kelemahan yang ada pada tiap-tiap manusia,
sehingga tidak cepat-cepat marah, akan tetapi menunggu dengan tenang untuk
menunjukkan kesalahan-kesalahan hingga dapat diakhiri dengan kebijaksanaan dan
pertimbangan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jangan
cemburu tanpa alasan, juga tidak mendengar hasutan orang, segala sesuatu
periksa terlebih dahulu</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjauhi
bibit-bibit percekcokan sehingga tidak terjadi perselisihan- perselisihan yang
tidak diinginkan, dan jika terjadi juga perselisihan, hadapilah dengan keadaan
tenang</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rela
berkorban untuk kepentingan suami istri dan saling menghormati keluarga
masing-masing</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akhirnya
kedua belah pihak harus berusaha menjadikan rumah tangganya sebagai muara yang
aman dan pelabuhan yang damai, tempat peristirahatan yang teduh untuk seluruh
anggota keluarga, baik pada waktu suka maupun dalam keadaan duka, bersendikan
tawakal dan iman kepada Allah swt dan syukur atas nikmatnya</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sedangkan yang termasuk
dalam kategori Kewajiban khusus bagi istri kepada suaminya adalah</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membantu
suami dalam memimpin kesejahteraan dan keselamatan keluarga</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hormat
dan patuh kepada suami dalam batas-batas tidak menyimpang dri ajaran agama</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meyenangkan
dan berbakti kepada suami dengan tulus ikhlas, sedapat-dapatnya selalu bermuka
jernih dan manis</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menerima
dan menghormati pemberian suami walaupun sedikit, serta mencukupkan nafkah yang
diberikan suami dengan kekuatan dan kemampunnya, hormat, cermat, dan bijaksana</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak mempersulit dan memberatkan suami
akan tetapi bersifat ridha dan syukur. Istri utama ialah yang dapat mengetahui
kemauan suami sebelum dikatakan suami, jika terlihat tanda-tanda suami dalam
kesusahan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memelihara
diri serta menjaga kehormatan dan harta benda suami, baik dihadapan atau
dibelakangnya </span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memupuk
rasa kasih saying dan tidak bertingkah laku yang dapat mendorong suami dapat
berbuat salah</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memelihara dan mendidik anak sebagai
amanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allah dan nikmatnya yang tak
ternilai</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur
dan mengurus rumah tangga dan menjadikannya rumah tangga islam yang bahagia
dunia dan akhirat</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">J.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Istri adalah ibu rumah tangga (Pasal 79 ayat
1 Kompilasi Hukum Islam)</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun kewajiban khusus
suami kepada istri menurut Lili Rasjidi, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadilah seorang suami yang baik
membimbing dan memimpin keluarga lahir batin</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi nafkah keluarga menurut
kemampuan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hormat
dan sopan santun, apa lagi istri dalam keadaan kesulitan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membantu
istridalam tugas sehari-hari terutama dalam hal memelihara dan mendidik
anak-anak</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sabar
akan kekurangan-kekurangan istri dan berrusaha menambah dan memperbaiki serta
mempertinggikan kecerdasan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberi
kebebasan untuk berfikir dan bertindak sesuai dengan ajaran agama, tidak
mempersulit dan menyiksa pikiran, apa lagi mendorongnya untuk berbuat salah</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penuh
pengertian, disiplin dan berwibawa berdasarkan kasih saying dan cinta kasih</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berusaha
dan membantu istri untuk menciptakan suasana yang damai dan kerukunan keluarga,
demi kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan hidup dunia dan akhirat</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hormat
terhadap dan sopan keluarga istri</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dapat mengatasi keadaan dan mencari
penyelesaian yang bijaksana jika terjadi perselisihan</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sabar,
jujur dan memelihara kepercayaan serta dapat menyenangkan istri dengan cara
yang halal</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jadilah
suami yang baik dan simpatik pasti engkau akan mendapat istri yang baik dan
menarik</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun Hak dan kewajiban antara
orang tua dengan anak diatur dalamPasal 45 sampai dengan Pasal 49 UU No. 1
Tahun 1974.</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak dan kewajiban orang tua dan anak, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Orang
tua wajib memelihara dan mendidik anak-anak mereka sebaik-baiknya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kewajiban oarng tua berlaku sampai anat itu
kawin atau dapat berdiri sendiri</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anak
wajib menghormati orang tua dan menaati kehendak mereka yang baik</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anak
wajib memelihara dan membantu orang tuanya, manakala sudah tua</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anak
yang belum dewasa, belum pernah melangsungkan perkawinan, ada di bawah
kekuasaan orang tua( Pasal 47 ayat 1 UU No. 1 Tahun 1974)</span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Orang tua mewakili anak dibawah umur dan belum dan belum
pernah kawin mengenai segala perbuatan hukum di dalam dan di luar pengadilan</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Orang
tua tidak diperbolehkan memindahkan hak atau menggadaikan barang-barang tetap
yang dimiliki anaknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang belum 18
tahun atau belum pernah melangsungkan perkawinan, kecuali kepentingan si anak
menghendakinya</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hak dan kewajiban yang ke
tiga dalam keluarga,yakni Alimentasi. Antara orang tua dengan anak terdapat
kewajiban,alimentasi yaitu kewajiban timbal balik antara orang tua dengan anak
seperti yang ditentukan dalam pasal 45 dan 46 UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 dan Pasal KUH
Per. Orang tua dibebani kewajiban untuk memelihara dan mendidik anak-anaknya
yang belum dewasa sesuai dengan kemampuan masing-masing, demikian sebaliknya
anak yang telah dewasa wajib memelihara menurut kemampuannya, orang tua dan
keluarga dalam garis lurus ke atas bila mereka memerlukan bantuannya.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah dijelaskan <i><u>hukum keluarga</u></i> berasal dari terjemahan
kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>familierecht</i> (belanda) atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law of familie</i> (inggris). Istilah
keluarga dalam arti sempit adalah orang seisi rumah, anak istri, sedangkan
dalam arti l<i><u>uas keluarga berarti sanak saudara atau anggota kerabat dekat</u></i>. Dan
adapun <i><u>hukum kekeluargaan menurut hukum perdata adalah aturan yang mengatur
mengenai keluarga,yang mana di dalam keluarga tersebut banyak mengatur masalah
perkawinan, hubungan dan hak serta kewajiban suami istri dalam sebuah rumah
tangga, keturunan, perwalian, pengampuan</u></i>.</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dan Adapun <i><u>sumber hukum dalam hukum keluarga</u></i> tersebut ada
dua macam, yaitu<i><u> sumber hukum tertulis dan tidak tertulis</u></i>. Sedangkan Ruang
lingkup dalam hukum keluarga itu meliputi: perkawinan, perceraian, harta benda
dalam perkawinan, kekuasaan orang tua, pengampuan, dan perwalian. Namun di
dalam bagian hukum keluarga hanya difokuskan pada kajian perkawinan,
perceraian, dan harta benda dalam perkawinan.</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;">Lihat Juga:</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/03/hak-paten.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hak Paten</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/03/hukum-perorangan_28.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Perorangan</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/hukum-perkawinan.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Perkawinan</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/06/jenis-jenis-perjanjian.html" target="_blank">Jenis-jenis Perjanjian</a> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/06/hukum-jaminan.html" target="_blank">Hukum Jaminan </a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/hukum-keluarga.html" target="_blank">Hukum Keluarga</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/kepailitan-dan-penundaan-pembayaran.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepailitan dan Penundaan Pembayaran Hutang</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/03/perikatan-yang-timbul-karena-undang.html" target="_blank">Perikatan Yang Timbul Karena Undang-undang</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hilman Hadi Kusuma, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bahasa
Hukum Indonesia, </i>Cet. III, PT Alumni, Bandung, 2005</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Komariah,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hukum
Perdata,</i>(UMM: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press,Malang 2008)</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasjidi lili,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Hukum Perkawinan dan Perceraian di Malaysia
dan Indonesia, </i>(Bandung: Alumni, 1982)</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Salim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Hukum Perdata Tertulis (BW)</i>, (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika,2008),\</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Syahrani,riduan,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seluk
beluk asas-asas hukum perdata,</i>(Banjarmasin:P.T. Alumni:2006</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 450.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Zulfa Djoko Basuki,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kompilasi
Bidang Hukum Kekeluargaan, </i>( Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional
Departemen Hukum dan HAM RI, 2009) </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Salim</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Hukum Perdata Tertulis (BW)</i>, (Jakarta: Sinar
Grafika,2008)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilman Hadi Kusuma, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bahasa Hukum Indonesia,
</i>Cet. III, (PT Alumni, Bandung,
2005)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perpindahan wali dari wali yang satu ke
wali yang lain</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Salim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit,.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Zulfa Djoko
Basuki,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kompilasi Bidang Hukum
Kekeluargaan,</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">( Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Departemen Hukum dan HAM
RI, Jakarta:2009) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hilman Hadi Kusuma, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit,</i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Salim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit</i>.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Pasal 27 BW dan pasal 3
UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Pasal 28 KUHPerdata dan
pasal 6 UU No.1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Pasal 351 KUHPerdata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Salim, O<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p.
Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Pasal 3 ayat (2) jo
Pasal 4 dan 5 UU No.1 Tahun 1974</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Zulfa Djoko Basuki, O<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p. Cit.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Riduan Syahrani,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seluk beluk asas-asas hukum perdata,</i>(Banjarmasin:P.T. Alumni:2006) </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Hukum Perdata Tertulis (BW)</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op cit </i>,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pasal 30 UU No.1 Tahun 1974 tentang
Perkawinan</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pasal 31 ayat 1 UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974
tentang Perkawinan. Lembaran, Negara
RI Tahun 1974 No. 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Zulfa Djoko Basuki, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kompilasi bidang hukum kekeluargaan</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 9.0pt;">( Jakarta : 2009) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="SV"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Nusyuz : istri
yang durhaka kepada suami</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Lili Rasjidi,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Hukum Perkawinan dan Perceraian di Malaysia
dan Indonesia,</i>(Bandung:Alumni,1982)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Ibid</span></i><span lang="SV">,</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="SV"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Komariah,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hukum Perdata,</i>(UMM: Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang Press,Malang 2008),</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com6Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-10447762410459983892014-04-20T21:03:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.914-08:00Kode Etik Bank<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 17.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kode Etik
Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tugas bank
disamping memobilisasi dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk tabungan, deposito,
rekening giro, bank juga melaksanakan penyaluran kredit serta memberikan
jasa-jasa bank lainnya seperti kliring, inkaso, transfer dan lain-lain. Oleh
karenanya faktor kepercayaan dari pihak lain dan nasabah merupakan penunjang
utama bagi kelancaran sistem operasional perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Faktor
kepercayaan inipulalah yang merupakan etika perbankan dalam hubungannya dengan
bank lain. Dalam mengelola kepercayaan tersebut, bankir harus memiliki ahlak,
moral dan keahlian di bidang perbankan, sebab seorang bankir mempunyai misi
untuk memberikan nasehat yang objektif bagi nasabahnya dan juga harus mampu
mendidik nasabah dalam arti dapat memberi penjelasan dalam bidang administrasi,
pembukuan, pemasaran dan bidang-bidang yang lain. Nasehat objektif yang
dimaksud adalah seorang bankir harus dapat bersifat objektif, tidak memihak,
jujur terhadap nasabah, dan dapat memilihkan produk atau jasa yang paling tepat
bagi nasabahnya,artunya tidak memaksakan nasabah untuk membeli apa saja yang
ditawarkan bankir tanpa mempertimbangkan kondisi dan status nasabah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkan ilustrasi di
atas maka penulis mencoba untuk memaparkan tentang kode etik yang harus
dimiliki oleh bank yang kami sajikan dalam bentuk makalah dengan judul KODE
ETIK BANK.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>PEMBAHASAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian
Pelayanan dan Etika dalam Perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US">Agar suatu bank mendapatkan image
yang baik dari kalangan masyarakat dan nasabah, maka bank harus dapat
memberikan pelayanan (service) yang murah, sepat adil, dan ramah serta etika
yang baik. Dan dalam melakukan kedua hal tersebut, bank harus mampu
melakukannya dengan baik dan benar agar prodik bank dapat dipasarkan dengan
mudah. Pandangan pertama yang terindah yang dialami seorang nasabah bank adalah
pelayanan dan etika yang baik yang diberikan oleh pihak bank,sehingga para
nasabah menjadi simpatik dan tertarik untuk menabung di bank tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pelayan
atau service menurut Malayu S.P Sihabuan adalah kegiatan pemberian jasa dari
suatu pihak kepada pihak lainnya. Pelayanan yang baik adalah pelayanan yang
dilakukan dengan ramah, adil, cepat dan dengan etika yang baik sehingga
memenuhi kebutuhan dan kepuasan bagi penerimanya dalam hal ini adalah nasabah.
Sedangkan etika adalah suatu sistem moral perilaku yang berdasarkan kepada
peraturan dan norma-norma sosial, budaya dan agama yang berlaku dalam suatu
sistem masyarakat.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etika
merupakan hal yang mutlak yang dilakukan oleh semua manusia dalam pergaulan
sehari-hari, terutama bagi suatu lembaga usaha yang menginginkan usahanya
lancar dan diterima oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat bahkan oleh lawan usaha
(saingan), terutama dalam dunia pemasaran produk di perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari
pemaparan di atas, kami dapat menyimpulkan bahwa pelayanan dan etika bank
adalah suatu bentuk kegiatan memberikan manfaat dan jasa dengan ramah, dan
tingkah laku yang baik serta sopan yang bertujuan untuk menarik simpatik
kreditor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US">Pelayanan dan etika merupakan dua
hal yang berkaitan erat, misalnya; ketika bank ingin menawarkan suatu produk
bank, maka duperlukan pelayanan yang baik, dan dalam memberikan pelayanan, para
petugas bank harus beretika atau berperilaku dengan sopan, ramah dan wajar,
baik dari segi penampilan, etika berbicara, bergerak dan tidak menimbulkan
kesan merayu yang berkelebihan dan memaksa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan
Pelayanan dan Etika Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US">Pelayanan dan etika bank
mengharuskan para manager bank berkewajiban dan bertanggung jawab untuk :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengembalikan
dana pihak ketiga beserta bunganya tepat pada waktunya sesuai dengan perjanjian
yang telah disepakati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menjaga
kerahasiaan keuangan nasabah bank menurut undang-undang perbankan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berlaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memberikan
informasi yang akurat dan objektif apabila diminta oleh nasabah yang
bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ikut
memperlancar LLP Modern dari transaksi komersial dan finansial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ikut menjaga
dan memelihara koresponden bank di antara sesama bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyalurkan
kredit sesuai dengan undang-undang perbankan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fungsi Kode Etik
Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun fungsi kode etik
perbankan antara lain :</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menjaga keselarasan dan konsistensi antara gaya manajemen, strategi
dan kebijakan dalam mengembangkan usaha perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menciptakan iklim usaha yang sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mewujudkan intregitas bank terhadap lingkungan
dan masyarakat luas dan pemerintah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menciptakan ketenangan, keamanan dan kenyamanan
para pemilik dana, pemegang saham dan karyawan dalam mendapatkan hak-haknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mengangkat harkat perbankan nasional di mata
internasional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indikator-Indikator
dan Pelayanan Kode Etik Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pimpinan dan Kepemimpinan Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai seorang pemimpin
suatu bank, ia harus mampu memimpin lembaga yang dipimpinnya,dapat
mengarahkannya,membina dan mengatur semua karyawan dan bawahan dengan baik.
Kebijakan serta kerja karyawan yang teratur, rapi mencerminkan seorang pimpinan
yang baik dan teratur serta mampu mengelola bank dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Organisasi Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setiap bank pasti
mempunyai divisi atau departemen organisasi terstruktur, yang mempunyai bidang
sesuai job dengan tugas dan keahliannya yang tercantum dalam GBHO (Garis-Garis
Besar Haluan Organisasi) atau <i>Job Description</i>. Hal ini bertujuan agar
tidak ada tumpang tindih tugas antara karyawan yang satu dengan karyawan yang
lainnya, semua sesuai dengan <i>Job Description</i> yang telah disepakati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karyawan Bank (SDM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karyawan bank harus
mempunyai mental yang tinggi, kesabaran dan profesionalitas dalam memberikan
pelayanan kepada para nasabah dan para calon nasabah dengan baik dan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Desentralisasi Authority</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Desentralisasi Authority
pada karyawan bank harus dikembangkan agar pelayanan dapat ditingkatkan secara
cepat dan lancar serta mengurangi Birokratisme yang terlalu panjang dan rumit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peralatan Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peralatan yang canggih
dapat meningkatkan pelayanan bank kepada masyarakat, misalnya dengan komputer
yang On-Line dapat melayani penarikan melalui ATM Card, Debit Card, Maupun
Credit Card. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kantor Cabang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apabila kantor cabang
diperbanyak, maka pelayanan kepada masyarakat dapat ditingkatkan. Kantor
cabangpun harus dapat dibangun ditempat yang mungkin mudah dikunjungi oleh
lapisan masyarakat, hal ini dilakukan agar memudahkan pelaksanaan transfer dan
inkaso dengan cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengembangan Karyawan Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bank harus memberikan
pelatihan untuk seluruh karyawan bank agar wawasan dan keterampilan karyawan
bertambah dan pelayanan kepada masyarakatpun dapat ditingkatkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kode Etik
Bankir Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<span lang="EN-US">Semua lembaga baik lembaga swasta
maupun lembaga pemerintah pasti memilki kode etik yang harus mereka
taati,karena kode etik tersebut telah disepakati oleh seluruh lembaga, baik
yangtelah dibuat oleh pemerintah yang tercantum dalam undang-undang dan mereka
yang berkewajiban untuk melaksanakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menyadari
bahwa pentingnya etika bagi setiap profesi, khususnya di bidang perbankan,maka
telah dikeluarkan lode etikbankir sebagai penuntun profesi yang berisi
nilai-nilai dan norma-norma untuk bertingkah secara baik dan pantas yang
terdiri dari 9 prinsip, diantaranya :</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setiap bankir
harus patuh dan taat kepada ketentuan perundang-undangan dan peraturan yang
berlaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam hal ini seorang bankir
dituntut untuk tidak melakukan perbuatan yang melanggar hukum
perundang-undangan, segala peraturan atau hukum yang berlaku, baik hukum yang
tertulis maupun yang tidak tertulis, peraturan yang mengatur bankir maupun yang
ada dalam kehidupan masayarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
UU No. 7 tahun 1992 yang telah disempurnakan dengan UU No. 10 tahun 1998 pasal
49 ayat 2b dinyatakan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Anggota dewan komisaris, direksi
atau pegawai bank yang dengan sengaja tidak melaksanakan langkah-langkah yang
diperlukan untuk memastikan ketaatan bank terhadap ketentuan-ketentuan dalam
Undang-Undang ini dan ketentuan perundang-undangan lainnya yang berlaku bagi
bank diancam dengan pidana penjara sekurang-kurangnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 (tiga) tahun dan paling lama 8 (delapan)
tahun serta denda sekurang-kurangnya Rp. 5.000.000.000,- (Lima Milyar Rupiah)
dan paling banyak 100.000.000.000,- (seratus milyar rupiah)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan
adanya peraturan ini, seorang bankir untuk tidak melkukan hal-hal yang
melanggar hukum. Memang ketentuan dalam dunia perbankan ini sangatlah luas dan
terus berkembang, sehingga belum tentu seorang bankir dapat memahami dan
mengerti semua ketentuan yang berlaku. Dan sebaliknya, seorang bankir dapat
melakukan tugasnya sesuai dengan ketentuan operasional dan prosedur tertulis
yang berlaku serta melaksanakan tugasnya dengan penuh kehati-hatian,
menghindari diri dari praktek-praktek yang bertentangan dengan hukum yang
berlaku. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
harus melakukan pencatatan dengan benar mengenai segala transaksi yang
berkaitan dengan kegiatan banknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
UU No 7 tahun 1992 dan yang kemudian disepurnakan dalam UU No. 10 tahun 1998
pasal 49 ayat 1a disebutkan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Anggota dewan komisaris, pengurus
atau pegawai bank yang dengan sengaja membuat atau menyebabkan adanya
pencatatan palsu dalam pembukuan atau pelaporan,maupun dalam dokumen atau
laporan kegiatan usaha, laporan transaksi atau rekening suatu bank diancam
dengan pidana penjara sekurang-kurangnya 5 tahun penjara dan paling lama 15
tahun serta denda sekurang-kurangnya 10 milyar rupiah dan paling banyak 20
milyar rupiah”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 56.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hal ini
sangat penting, karena tingkat kepercayaan dan informasi bank sangat tergantung
dengan kebenarandata, informasi dan pencatatan serta konsistensi dalam
menggunakan standar akuntansi yang berlaku. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
harus menghindarkan diri dari persaingan yang tidak sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Tujuan dibuatkannya kode etik
bankir salah satunya adalah untuk menghindari persaingan yang tidak sehat demi
mendapatkan keuntungan yang sangat besar dari pada pesaingnya, sehingga
menggunakan berbagai macam cara untuk menjatuhkan pesaingnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
tidak menyalahgunakan wewenangnya untuk kepentingan pribadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
<span lang="EN-US">Bank selaku lembaga yang dipercaya
masyarakat harus menjaga kepercayaan dan tidak melakukan hal-hal yang tidak
dibenarkan, seperti menyalahgunakan dana masyarakat untuk suatu kepentingan
pribadi maupun orang lain yang merugikan kepentingan bak dan masyarakat itu
sendiri.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
harus menghidarkan diri dari keterlibatan pengambilan keputusan jika terdapat
pertentangan kepentingan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
wajib menjaga kerahasiaan nasabah dan banknya ~ Seorang bankir harus menjaga
dan melindungi segala informasi maupun data nasabah atau bank yang tercatat
dalam dokumen bank yang wajib dirahasiakan menurut kelaziman dalam dunia
perbankan,sehingga seorang bankir dilarang memberikan data dan informasi
tersebut kepada pihak ketiga yang tidak berkepentingan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
haris memperhitungkan dampak yang merugikan dari setiap kebijakan yang
diterapkan banknya terhadap keadaan ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
dilarang menerima hadiah atau imbalan yang memperkaya diri pribadinya maupun
keluarganya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seorang bankir
tidak melakukan perbuatan tercela yang dapat merugikan citra profesinya dan
lembaga banknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari
pemaparan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelayanan dan etika bank adalah suatu
bentuk kegiatan yang memberikan manfaat dan jasa dengan ramah dan tingkah laku
yang baik serta sopan yang bertujuan untuk menarik simpatik puhak kreditor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pentingnya
pelayanan dan etika perbankan adalah untuk menciptakan iklim perbankan yang
sejuk untuk menarik simpatik para kreditor juga menghindarkan persaingan antar
bank agar dapat melakukan kompetisi yang sportif. Jika para masyarakat
simpatik, maka akan menimbulkan kepercayaan sehingga pemasaran prosuk bank akan
menjadi lancar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indikator
pelayan dan etika bank ini meliputi : Pimpinan dan Kepemimpinan Bank;
Organisasi bank; Karyawan Bank (SDM); Desentralisasi Authority; Peralatan Bank;
kantor Cabang; dan Pengembangan Karyawan Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <b>PUSTAKA</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;">
Hasibuan, Malayu S.P., <i>Dasar-Dasar Perbankan</i>,
PT. Bumi Aksara,Jakarta, 2005</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;">
Sumarni, Murti, <i>Marketing Perbankan</i>, Liberty
Yogyakarta,Yogyakarta, 1996</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;">
Kasmir, Manajemen Perbankan, PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada, Jakarta, 2002<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murti Sumarni, <i>Marketing Perbankan</i>, (Yogyakarta : Liberty Yogyakarta,
1996), hal. 168 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Malayu S.P. Sihabuan, <i>Dasar-Dasar Perbankan</i>, (Jakarta : PT. Bumi Aksara,
2005), hal. 152-153</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i>Ibid, </i>hal. 153</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i>Op</i>.<i>Cit,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Murti Sumarni,
hal. 170</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i>Op.Cit, </i>Malayu Sihabuan,<i> </i>hal. 157-160</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
lihat UU No. 10 tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan, diambil dari Kasmir, <i>Manajemen</i>
<i>Perbankan</i>, (Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2002), hal. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i>Ibid, </i>hal. </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-83491874571991081812014-04-18T07:14:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.951-08:00Pengaruh Guru Dalam Pendidikan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A. Pengaruh Karakter Guru
dalam Mengajar Terhadap Pembentukan Kepribadian Siswa</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dalam kerangka
pendidikan, secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa perilaku guru dipandang sebagai
“sumber pengaruh proses, sedangkan tingka laku yang belajar dipandang sebagai
“efek”dari berbagai proses, tingkah laku dan kegiatan interaktif. Dengan kata
lain bahwa <i>karakteristik guru dalam mengajar dapat mempengaruhi dan
membentuk kepribadian murid.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Sebagai guru
agama Islam seharusnyalah karakterisitik kita juga sangat mempengaruhi dan
bahkan dapat pula membentuk kepribadian murid yang islami, oleh karena itulah
dalam melacak asumsi-asumsi keberhasilan pendidik agama Islam perlu meneladani
beberapa hal yang dianggap esensial yang dari padanya diharapkan dapat
mendekatkan realitas (perilaku atau karakterisik pendidik agama yang ada) dan
idealitas (nabi Muhammad SAW.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dari hasil
observasi yang kami lakukan di MA Ma’arif Singosari Malang, maka dapat terlihat dengan jelas
bahwa karakteristik guru dalam mengajar berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan
kepribadian yang islami, diantaranya yaitu:</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Guru yang mengajar dengan transaksi nilai dan
transunternalisasi, yakni guru tidak hanya menyajikan informasi baik dan
buruk, tetapi juga terlibat untuk melaksanakan dan memberikan contoh
amalan yang nyata dan siswa diminta memberikan respons yang sama, yakni
menerima dan mengamalkan nilai itu, (komunikasi dan kepribadian yang
masing-masing terlibat secara aktif) misalnya pada saat puasa ramadhan
guru memberikan buku pengecekan apakah siswa puasa atau tidak, tarawih
atau tidak, tempatnya di mana, isi khutbahnya apa dsb, dan sang guru
mengajak untuk bersama –sama berbuka puasa dan teraweh bersama selain itu
juga dengan kegiatan pesantren kilat dsb, sehingga secara tidak langsung
siswa akan terbentuk kepribadiannnya secara islami, atau dengan kata lain
pembelajaran PAI dengan karakteristik guru yang demikian dapat berhasil
membentuk kepribadian siswa secara Islami. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Guru yang hanya menggunakan tarnsformasi nilai
yaitu guru sekedar menginformasikan nilai-nilai yang baik dan yang kurang
baik pada siswa, yang semata mata komunikasi verbal, dalam pengajaran
semacam ini terbukti siswa hanya sekedar tahu dan mendengar saja,
mengaplikasikannya hanya pada jawaban secara tekstual saja pada saat ujian
tanpa mengaplikasikan dalam bentuk tindakan atau tingkah laku, sehingga
dalam hal ini guru kurang berhasil membentuk kepribadian siswa secara
islami.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Guru yang hanya menggunakan tarnsformasi nilai dan
menampakkan kepribadian atau karakteristik yang kurang sesuai dengan
ajaran islam atau bahkan hanya sekedar tidak sesuai dengan norma kesopanan,
misalnya guru agama yang mengajar dengan merokok, memakai baju yang agak
seksi bagi guru agama wanita, dandanan yang menor dsb, hal ini berakibat
siswa malah justru hanya menganggap pelajaran agama seperti pelajaran
umum, yakni hanya berorientasi pada belajar tentang agama, dan bukan
berorientasi pada belajar bagaimana cara beragama yang benar, atau dalam
praktik pendidikan agama berubah menjadi pengajaran agama yang
mengutamakan pengajaran dari pada pendidikan moral, sehingga tidak mampu
membentuk pribadi-pribadi islami.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. Kiat –Kiat Guru Agama agar
Murid Mudah Dalam Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam</b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Dalam belajar Agama tidak hanya bersifat kognitif
tetapi harus lebih tanggap terhadap persoalan bagaimana mengubah
pengetahuan agama yang bersifat kogntif menjadi “makna” dan “nilai” yang
perlu diinternalisaikan dalam diri siswa.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Metodologi PAI harus di ubah, tidak hanya secara
konvensional-tardisional, dan monoton tetapi harus di kembangkan agar menarik
minat siswa dan memicu motivasi siswa dalam belajar PAI misalnya dengan
metode jigsaw, card shoot, information search dsb.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kegiatan PAI harus bersifat marjinal dan periferal,
artinya tidak menyendiri dan harus berinteraksi dengan yang lain yakni mampu
menggerakkan guru dan siswa yang lain untuk menciptakan suasana religius
di sekolah.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pendekatan yang dilakukan tidak hanya bersifat
normative tetapi harus memberikan gambaran-gambaran ilustrasi yang nyata
dengan menggunakan berbagai media baik audio ataupun visual sehingga siswa
tidak hanya belajar secara abstrak, selain itu dikaitkan pula dengan
ilustrasi konteks social budaya.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Guru Agama hendaknya jangan terlalu terpaku dengan
pada GBPP mata pelajaran PAI tetapi harus dikaitkan dengan pelajaran
pelajaran umum seperti biologi tentang penciptaan manusia dsb sehingga
memudahkan siswa untuk memahami tidak hanya segi agama tapi relevan dengan
perkembangan era gelobalisasi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Guru agama hendaknya tidak hanya bernuansa spiritual
atau moral tetapi harus diimbangi dengan intelektual dan professional, dan
suasana hubungan guru PAI harus tercipta hubungan yang kritis-dinamis yang
dapat berimplikasi dan berkonsekuensi pada peningkatan daya kreativitas,
etos ilmu dan etos kerja / amal, tidak hanya bersifat doktriner.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>C. Perbedaan Karakteristik Pembelajaran di MA dan SMA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>SMA</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>MA</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b>Termasuk dalam sekolah dibawah Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional (SD, SMP, SMA dan SMK).</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1</b>. Termasuk dalam sekolah dibawah Departemen Agama
(MI, Mts, MA dan MAK)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b>Tim penyusun KTSP pada SD, SMP, SMA dan SMK
terdiri atas guru, konselor dan kepala sekolah sebagai ketua merangkap
angota. Didalam kegiatan tim penyusun melibatkan komite sekolah dan nara sumber, serta
pihak lain yang terkait. Supervisi dilakukan oleh dinas yang bertanggung
jawab dibidang pendidikan tingkat kabupaten/kota untuk SD dan SMP dan tingkat
propinsi utuk SMA dan SMK.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2</b>. Tim penyusun KTSP pada MI, Mts, MA
dan MAK terdiri dari guru, konselor dan kepala madrasah sebagai ketua
merangkap anggota. Didalam kegiatan tim penyusun melibatkan komite
sekolah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan nara sumber serta pihak lain yang terkait.
Supervisi dilakukan oleh departemen yang menangani urusan pemerintah dibidang
agama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3.</b> Pemberlakuan dokumen KTSP pada SD, SMP, SMA dan
SMK dinyatakan berlaku oleh kepala sekolah setelah mendapat komite sekolah
dan diketahui oleh dinas tingkat kabupaten/kota yang bertanggung jawab
dibidang pendidikan untuk SD, SMP dan tingkat propinsi untuk SMA dan SMK.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b>Dokumen KTSP pada MI, Mts, MA
dan MAK dinyatakan berlaku oleh kepala madrasah setelah mendapat pertimbangan
dari komite madarasah dan diketahui oleh departemen yang menangani urusan
pemerintah dibidang agama.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>4</b>. Muatan Lokal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Muatan local merupakan kegiatan kurikuler untuk
mengembangkan kompetensi yang disesuaikan dengan cirri khas dan potensi
daerah, termasuk keunggulan daerah yang materinya tidak sesuai menjadi bagian
dari mata pelajaran lainnya / terlalu banyak sehingga harus menjadi mata
pelajaran tersendiri. Substansi muatan local ditentukan oleh satuan
pendidikan, tidak terbatas pada mata pelajaran keterampilan. Muatan local
merupakan mata pelajaran, sehingga satuan pendidikan harus mengemban “standar
kompetensi” dan “kompetensi dasar” untuk setiap jenis muatan local yang
diselenggarakan. Satuan pendidikan dapat menyelenggarakan satu mata pelajaran
muatan local setiap semester. Ini berarti bahwa dalam satuan tahun satuan
pendidikan dapat menyelenggarakan dua mata pelajaran local. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>5.</b> Pembelajaran Agama di SMA hanya terdapat dalam
satu bidang studi yakni Pendidikan Agama Islam dan alokasi `bwaktunya pun
hanya 2 jam dalam satu minggu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>6</b>. Nuansa kewarganegaraan dan kultur sangat kental
karena siswanya terdiri dari beberapa orang yang berbeda agama, kepercayaan
dsb.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>4</b>. Di sekolah Islam / MAK dapat dipilih beberapa
alternative untuk muatan local, misalnya : Bahasa Inggris, Untuk Al quran
disamping pembelajarannya yang standart juga dapat dimasukan sebagai muatan
local, misalnya : Hafalan Al quran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>5</b>. Selain muatan local, di MA banyak diselipkan
beberapa materi pelajaran agama seperti Fiqih, Aqidah dsb sehingga MA disebut
sebagai sekolah berciri khas Islam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>6</b>. Pembelajaran Agama di MA terbagi menjadi satuan
masing-masing pelajaran yaitu Aqidah akhlak, Fiqih, Tarikh, Quran Hadist dsb
sehingga alokasi waktu yang diberikan untuk pelajaran agama tidak hanya 2 jam
dalam seminggu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>7</b>. Nuansa religius yang kental dalam lingkungan
sekolah karena dari cara berpakaian dan bergaul harus sesuai dengan syariat
Islam.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;">Lihat Juga :</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/problematika-remaja.html" target="_blank"><span lang="SV">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja (di era globalisai)</span></a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/problematika-remaja-islam-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja Islam, Remaja, Pornografi dan Pornoaksi</a></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/psikologi-perkembangan-teori.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Teori Perkembangan Jiwa</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Intelegensi (Kecerdasan)</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan-pengaruh.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Trend Mode Terhadap Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/membangun-percaya-diri-pada-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Membangun Percaya Diri Pada Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/bimbingan-konseling.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Bimbingan Konseling</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/pengaruh-guru-dalam-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Guru Dalam Pendidikan</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/03/peranan-televisi-dalam-rekayasa-sosial.html" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Dampak TV Terhadap Remaja</a> <br />
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-22192062961441738702014-04-18T07:05:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:02.987-08:00Bimbingan Konseling<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BIMBINGAN
KONSELING</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disusun Oleh Sukri</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelayanan
BK di Sekolah Dasar</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam melaksanakan bimbingan sekolah dasar
dipertimbangkan segi-segi tuntutan eksternal dari lembaga dan keadaan peserta
didik dalam ini, sehingga bimbingan sekolah dasar berperan dalam menunjang
pencapaian tuntutan-tuntutan kelembagaan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
perbedaan individual</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
dorongan untuk menjadi matang </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
masalah dan dorongan menyelenggarakan masalah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan demikian sekolah dasar menyiapkan
pengalaman belajar agar kemampuan intelektual peserta didik dapat berkembang
optimal, yang ditunjang oleh sikap dan psikomotorik dalam prosesnya dan
menghasilkan kepintaran, sikap dan keterampilan yang diharapkan, oleh karena
itu bimbingan harus menunjang proses belajar mengajar, maka logisnya tujuan
utama bimbingan konseling di sekolah dasar membantu anak agar dapat mencapai
kemajuan belajar optimal dalam kelas khususnya, dan mengadakan
penyesuaian-penyesuaian dalam kehidupan sekolah. Secara aga terinci bimbingan
membantu anak agar dapat :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menguasai
bahan belajar tuntutan kurikular</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membuat
pilihan dan menentukan bahan belajar yang cocok</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memiliki
sikap pandangan belajar yang mendukung </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mempunyai
pola laku belajar yang mendukung </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memiliki
teman bergaul dan membentuk kelompok-kelompok belajar yang serasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengadakan
penyesuaian hidup berkelompok yang menunjang belajar </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memecahkan
masalah-masalah belajar yang dihadapinya</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelayanan
BK Di Sekolah Menengah Tingkat Pertama</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sekolah menengah tingkat pertama (SMTP/SMP)
merupakan pendidikan formal yang mempunyai tuntutan lebih besar di banding
sekolah dasar di sini untuk pertama kalinya peserta didik di tuntut benar-benar
memiliki sifat-sifat dasar sebagai warga negara yang baik, memiliki pengetahuan
dan ketrampilah dasar untuk melanjutkan pelajaran, atau bekerja
dimasyarakat,dan mengembangkan diri sesuai dengan sasas pendidikan seumur
hidup.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
masalah dan dorongan menyelesaikan masalah </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
keinginan menjadi dirinya sendiri</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
kebutuhan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asas
perbedaan individual</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Secara umum tujuan bimbingan di SMP adalah
membantu peserta didik agar ia mampu mengatasi kesulitan-kesulitan, memecahkan
msalah yang dihadapi dan mengarahkan kepada diri secara cermat, secara khusus
bimbingan di SMP bertujuan agar setelah mendapat pelayanan, siwa-siswi SMP
dapat mempergunakan kemampuanya untuk : </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam memahami dirinya sendiri </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam memahami lingkungannya, sekolah, keluarga dan masyarakat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam mengidentifikasi dan memecahkan masalah yang di hadapinya </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam menyalurkan kemampuan, minat dan bakat dalam bidang
pendidikan dan pekerjaan secara tepat </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelayanan
BK Di Sekolah Umum Tingkat Atas SMTA/SMA</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Brammet dan Shostromm agar komplik-komplik
berkurang anak-anak usia ini harus mencapai penguasaan :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kematangan
untuk memilih kehidupan dalam dunia kerja.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemampuan
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemampuan
untuk melepaskan ikatan emosi dengan kekeluargaan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemampuan
untuk memilih teman hidup,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada
daerah-daerah ini lah oprasi bimbingan peserta didik </span></li>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bimbingan di SMA bertujuan agar setelah
mendapatkan layanan bimbingan peserta didik dapat memanfaatkan kemampuanya
untuk:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam mengidintifikasi ciri-ciri dan prospek yang akan dihadapi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam menguasasi pengetahuan tuntutan sekolah </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam menguasai keterampilan-keterampilan yang dituntut suatu
jenis karir dan lapangan kerja</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri lingkungan sosial secara luas </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam menguasai sikap-sikap hormat dan penghargaan yang diharapkan
lingkungan tertentu </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi
kesulitan dalam membuat keputusan bagi kemungkinan kelanjutan study </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peranan
Guru Dan Konselor Di Sekolah</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak peranan yang diperlukan dari guru sebagai
pendidik, adapun peranan guru secara umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Korektor yaitu guru harus bisa
membedakan mana niali yang baik dan mana nilai yang buruk </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Inspirator yaitu guru harus dapat
memberikan ilham yang baik bagi kemajuan belajar anak didik </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Informator yaitu guru harus dapat
memberikan informasi perkembangn ilmu pengetahuan ilmu teknologi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Organisator yaitu guru harus memiliki
kemampuan dalam hal pengelolaan kegiatan akademik, menyusun tatatertip
sekolah dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain-lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Motifator yaitu guru harus dapat
mendorong anak didik agar bergairah dan aktif belajar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Inisiator yaitu guru harus dapat
menjadi pencetus ide-ide kemajuan dalam pendidikan dan pengajaran</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasilitator yaitu guru hendaknya
dapat menyediakan fasilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
memungkinkan kemajuan kegiatan belajar anak didik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembimbing yaitu guru harus
membimbing anak didiknya menjadi manusia yang dewasa </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demostrator yaitu guru harus berusaha
membantu peserta didik agar mudah memahami bahan pelajaran </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengelola kelas yaitu guru hendaknya
dapat mengelola kelas dengan baik </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mediator yaitu guru hendaknya
memiliki pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang cukup tentang media pendidikan
dalam berbagai bentuk dan jasanya, baik material maupun non material</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suverfesor yaitu guru hendaknya dapat
membantu, memperbaiki dan menilai secara kritis terhadap proses pengajaran
</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Evaluator yaitu guru dituntut menjadi
seorang yang baik dan jujur dengan memberikan penilaian yang menyentu
aspek ekstrintik dan instrintik </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun peranan konselor adalah </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pelayanan konselor dalam bidang
pendidikan yaitu program bimbingan yang efektif dalam memberikan
pendidikan atau peningkatan kepada guru mengenai bimbingan dan menafsirkan
laporan-laporan anak </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendekatan denagan tim sekolah yaitu
sekolah mempunyai tim kerja yang terdiria atas guru, konselor, psikolog,
dokter, perawat dan pelatih membaca. Dengan demikian tugas bimbingan di
sekolah bukan hanya menjadi tanggung jawab konselor saja tetapi juga
menjadi tanggung jawab tim sekolah.</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hambatan-Hambatan
Bimbingan Dan Konseling</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beberapa hambatan dalam bimbingan dan konseling
yaitu </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Para pengelola sekolah masih
beranggapan bahwa tugas sekolah adalam mengajar, oleh karena itu semua
dana dan usaha di pusatkan untuk meluluskan sebanyak mungkin siswa agar
mereka mendapat ijaza untuk melanjutkan swkolah. Kekurangan pengetahuan
ini mengakibatakan kuranganya dukungan dari mereka, di pihak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain kepala sekolah dapat memberikan
tugas kepada petugas pembimbing yang bukan tugasnya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak lembaga pendidikan konselor
seperti IKIF program study psikologi pendidikan dan bimbingan kurang
memberikan bekal praktek bimbingan kepada para calon petugas bimbingan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Banyak petugas bimbingan bukan
lulusan study psikologi pendidikan dan bimbingan, serta banyak sarjana
pendidikan non BP diberi tugas sebagai konselor sekolah </span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Problem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sosial Remaja</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Salah satu problem sosial remaja ialah maraknya
kenakalan itu sendiri yaitu prilaku yang menyimpang dari atau melanggar hukum.
JENSEN membagi kenakalan remaja menjadi empat jenis yaitu :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kenakalan yang menimbulkan korban
fisik pada orang lain, seperti perkelahian, perkosaan, perampokan, dan
pembunuhan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kenakalan yang menimbulkan koraban
materi seperti perusakan, pencurian, pencopetan dan pemerasan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kenakalan sosial yang tidak
menimbulkan di pihak orang lain seperti narkoba dan minum-minuman
beralkohol </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kenakalan yang melawan status,
misalnya mengingkari status anak sebagai pelajar dengan cara membolos pada
usia mereka, prilaku-prilaku mereka memang belum melanggar hukum dalam
arti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sesungguhnya karena yang
dilanggar adalah status dalam lingkungan primer (keluarga) dan Skunder (sekolah)
yang memang tidak diatur oleh hukum secara terperinci.</span></li>
</ol>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;">Lihat Juga :</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/problematika-remaja.html" target="_blank"><span lang="SV">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja (di era globalisai)</span></a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/problematika-remaja-islam-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja Islam, Remaja, Pornografi dan Pornoaksi</a></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/psikologi-perkembangan-teori.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Teori Perkembangan Jiwa</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Intelegensi (Kecerdasan)</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan-pengaruh.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Trend Mode Terhadap Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/membangun-percaya-diri-pada-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Membangun Percaya Diri Pada Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/bimbingan-konseling.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Bimbingan Konseling</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/pengaruh-guru-dalam-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Guru Dalam Pendidikan</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/03/peranan-televisi-dalam-rekayasa-sosial.html" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Dampak TV Terhadap Remaja</a> <br />
</span></div>
<span lang="SV"></span></div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-55370872113999889912014-04-18T06:59:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.024-08:00TENAGA KERJA DAN UPAH SERTA KAITANNYA DENGAN PENGANGGURAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">TENAGA KERJA DAN UPAH SERTA
KAITANNYA DENGAN PENGANGGURAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">(Kajian Ekonomi Makro Islam)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kemudian jika mereka menyusukan
(anak-anak)-mu untukmu maka berikanlah kepada mereka upahnya.......” (QS.
Ath-Thalak,6)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Jika kita lihat sepintas potongan ayat diatas maka kita
akan berpandangan bahwa jika ada seseorang yang melakukan pekerjaan (jasa) buat
kita –dalam ayat di atas disebutkan membantu menyusui anak- maka kita
berkewajiban untuk memberikan upah kepada orang yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah membantu kita tersebut. Hal ini
tentunya menunjukan adanya hubungan timbal balik antara pekerja dengan para
pengusaha, dimana seorang pekerja melakukan sesuatu yang dimintai oleh
pengusaha sedangkan pengusaha sendiri memberikan upah bagi para pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tetapi dalam perjalanannya, sering kali kita melihat dan
mendengar akan adanya pemerasan yang dilakukan oleh para pengusaha dalam
menggunakan tenaga para pekerja, mereka (pekerja) sering mendapatkan perlakuan
yang tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah mereka lakukan yakni gaji yang terlalu
rendah, dengan alasan-alasan seperti itulah maka disinilah peran pemerintah
untuk menyeimbangkan gejala-gejala perekonomian yang terjadi (sebagaimana yang
kita tahu bahwa pemerintah dalam ekonomi makro bertugas untuk melakukan
kebijakan-kebijakan yang ditujukan untuk mengatur dan mengawasi lajunya roda
perekonomian agar tetap berjalan dengan semestinya), salah satu bukti yang riil
dalam negara kita adalah dengan adanya kebijaksan pemerintah mengenai Upah
Minimum Regional (UMR).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Etika kerja dan penetapan upah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Bekerja merupakan inti dari kegiatan
ekonomi, tanpa adanya aktivitas kerja, maka roda kegiatan ekonomi tidak akan
pernah berjalan. Berdasarkan atas urgensi kerja bagi kegiatan ekonomi, Islam
mempunyai beberapa etika yang mengatur antara hubungan pekerja dan pengusaha,
pekerja dan pengusaha dengan lingkungan sekitar (negara), ataupun kriteria
pekerjaan yang diperbolehkan oleh syari’ah. Bekerja merupakn kewajiban bagi
setiap individu dan masyarakat, tidak ada alasan untuk bermalas-malasan dan bergantung
kepada pihak lain demi tegaknya sebuah kehidupan masyarakat. Bekerja merupakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fardlu kifayah</i>, jika bekerja itu dapat
mendorong kegiatan ekonomi yang dapat menghadirkan barang dan jasa yang sangat
dibutuhkan masyarakat. Selain itu, terdapat beberapa nilai syari’ah ataupun
konsep dasar dalam bekerja, yaitu : kesungguhan dan kejujuran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siddiq</i>), keadilan, kepercayaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amanah</i>) dan keikhlasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Negara yang merupakan unsur terpenting
dalam menjalankan roda perekonomian suatu bangsa, mempunyai peranan untuk
mengatur dan mengawasi jalannya kegiatan ekonomi tersebut. Akan tetapi, peran
yang dijalankan oleh negara tidak berhubungan dengan intervensi atas kebebasan
individu untuk memilih jenis pekerjaan yang diminati serta penetapan upah
pekerja, adapun peran negara negara tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Menyediakan lapangan pekerjaan
dengan melakukan pelatihan dan pembinaan terhadap warga, serta mendorong para
investor untuk melakukan investasi dalam kegiatan ekonomi demi tercapainya
kemashlahatan bersama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mengawasi jalannya kegiatan
ekonomi, hubungan karyawan dengan pengusaha, menciptakan suasana kondusif bagi
proses produksi, serta menetukan tingkat upah dan waktu pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mempunyai wewenang terhadap pihak
tertentu untuk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi yang bersifat krusial bagi kehidupan
masyarakat atau pun melarang kegiatan ekonomi yang dapat merusak tatanan sosial
ekonomi masyarakat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Menurut ibnu Taimiyah : ketika
masyarakat sangat membutuhkan pertanian, tekstil maupan kontruksi bangunan,
maka negara mempunyai wewenang untuk memaksa pihak tertentu untuk
merealisasikannya. Akan tetapi, ketika adanya penolakan terhadap pekerjaan
tersebut, tentunya tetap ada konpensasi. Tidak dimungkinkan bagi mereka untuk
menerima tambahan atas kompensasi yang seharusnya mereka dapatkan, dan
dimungkinkan bagi masyarakat untuk menuntut mereka, dengan memberikan sesuatu
yang bukan haknya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Penjelasan Ibnu Taimiyah tersebut,
merupakan penegasan terhadap eksistensi karyawan berhak mendapatkan upah atas
segala sesuatu yang telah dilakukan, dalam hal ini pemberian upah kepada para
karyawan atas jerih payah dan usaha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
dilakukan merupakan kewajiban dalam syari’ah. Ketentuan tersebut untuk
menghapus sistem feodalisme yang mengeksploitasi pikiran dan tenaga karyawan.
Kendatipun tidak ada ketentuan yang baku terhadap jenis upah dan mekanisme
pembayarannya, tetapi proses pengupahannya tetap berdasarkan prinsip keadilan.
Penetuan kadar dan jumlah upah yang harus diberikan kepada karyawan tidak hanya
berdasrkan kekuatan pasar yang terkadang merugikan salah satu pihak. Upah yang
diberikan kepada karyawan harus mencapai “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">had
al kifayah</i>”(batas kecukupan), yakni mengcover kebutuhan diri dan
keluarga.proses pembayaran upah tersebut harus utuh tanpa adanya unsur
penundaan yang disengaja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Rasulullah SAW bersabda : “berikanlah
upah kepada para pekerja, sebelum kering keringatnya” (ibnu Majah dan Thabari,
jilid I)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Hubungan yang terjadi antara pengusaha
dan karyawan merupakn hubungan kerja (kontrak). Pemerintah tidak mempunyai hak
untuk melakukan intervensi terhadap kesepakatan yang ada. Pemerintah hanya
memiliki wewenang untuk mengawasi dan mengatur kegiatan ekonomi. Intervensi
pemerintah dapat dilaksanakan ketika adanya tindak ekploitasi terhadap pembeli
dan konsumen. Pemerintah bisa melakukan penegasan (pemaksaan) terhadap
pengusaha dan karyawan untuk melakukan kegiatan produksi guna memenuhi
kebutuhan dasar masyarakat. Dalam kondisi tersebut, intervensi pemerintah
merupakan suatu kewajiban dalam mencegah eksploitasi maupun kriminalitas
ekonomi. Dalam hal ini ibnu Taimiyah berpendapat “pemerintah mempunyai hak
intervensi dalam kegiatan ekonomi, khususnya dalam melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijbar </i>terhadap pihak yang terkait dalam
melakukan kegiatan produksi guna memenuhi kebutuhan dasar masyarakat. Atas
usaha yang telah dilakukan, pihak terkait berhak mendapatkan kompensasi. Upah
yang diberikan pemerintah harus setimpal, dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Usaha
yang dilakukan pemerintah tersebut merupakan bentuk penentuan kerja.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Antara upah dan permintaan tenaga kerja </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Pihak pengguna tenaga kerja adalah
pemakai jasa atau keahlian seorang tenaga pekerja. Besar kecilnya permintaan
akan tenaga kerja dipengaruhi oleh tingkat upah riil yang harus ditaggung oleh
pengguna tenaga kerja. Apabila upah riil yang harus ditanggung pengguna tenaga
kerja relatif tinggi, maka permintaan akan tenaga kerja menurun. Sebaliknya,
apabila upah riil yang harus ditanggung relatif murah, permintaan akan tenaga
kerja meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Apabila tingkat upah nominal diasumsikan
konstan, pergerakan harga akan berdampak pada tingkat upah riil yang diterima
pekerja. Apabila terjadi kenaikan harga secara umum, tingkat upah riil akan
turun, demikian pula sebaliknya. Pada gambar dibawah ini menggambarkan
permintaan akan tenaga kerja dengan memperhitungkan tingkat upah riil yang
harus dibayarkan kepada tenaga kerja dengan memperhitungkan tingkat upah riil
yang harus dibayarkan kepada tenaga kerja. Permintaan tenaga kerja yang sudah
memperhitungkan upah riil dapat menghindarkan resiko terjadinya khayalan uang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">money illusion</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Gambar (b) menunjukan permintaan akan uang
yang didasarkan atas nilai nominal yang dibayarkan kepada tenaga kerja. Dalam
hal ini, seorang pengguna tenaga kerja dapat melakukan kekeliruan dalam
menghitung upah riil yang harus dibayarkan jika parameter yang digunakan
didasarkan pad nilai nominal upah, bukan nilai riil upah. Artinya pengguna jasa
dapat terkena resiko <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">money illusion.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Antara tenaga kerja dan
tingkat pengangguran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sebagaimana yang telah dijelaskan diatas
bahwa semakin tinggi angka upah yang diberikan kepada para pekerja maka semakin
kecil permintaan terhadap tenaga kerja, hal ini tentunya akan berakibat pada
tingkat pengangguran yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pengangguran dalam suatu negara adalah
perbedaan diantara tingkat angkatan kerja dengan pengguna tenaga kerja yang
sebenarnya. Yang dimaksudkan dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">angkatan
tenaga kerja</b> adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jumlah tenaga
kerja yang terdapat dalam suatu perekonomian pada suatu waktu tertentu</i>.
Untuk menentukan angkatan kerja diperlukan dua informasi, yaitu (1) jumlah
penduduk yang berusia lebih dari 10 tahun, dan (2) jumlah penduduk yang berusia
lebih dari 10 tahun dan tidak ingin bekerja (contohnya adalah pelajar,
Mahasiswa, ibu rumah tangga). Jumlah penduduk dalam golongan (1) dinamakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penduduk usia kerja</b>, dan penduduk dalam
golongan (2) dinamakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bukan angkatan
kerja</b>. Dengan demikian angkatan kerja dalam suatu periode tertentu dapat
dihitung dengan mengurangi jumlah penduduk dalam (1) dari jumlah penduduk dalm (2).
perbandingan diantara angkatan kerja dengan penduduk usia kerja (dinyatakan
dalam persen) dinamakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tingkat
partisipasi angkatan kerja</b>,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
dengan perhitungan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Angkatan
Kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tingkat partisipasi angkatan
kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-------------------<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>X <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pddk
usia Kerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah
pengangguran = Angktn Kerja - Pengguna tenaga kerja yang sebenarnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Jml
pengangguran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tingkat
pengangguran<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>---------------------- X 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angkatan Kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Contoh : Dalam suatu daerah jumlah orang
yang tergolong sebagai penduduk usia kerja berjumlah 10.000.000 jiwa tetapi
hanya sebanyak 7.500.000 jiwa yang tergolong sebagai angkatan kerja. Diantara
angkatan kerja tersebut sebanyak 7.000.000 orang mempunyai pekerjaan, berapa
tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja dan tingkat penganggurannya ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Diketahui :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Penduduk usia kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10.000.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Angkatan kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>`<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.500.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Pengguna kerja sebenarnya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>7.000.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Maka, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 234.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">7.500.000 jiwa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tingkat
partisipasi angkatan kerja<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-------------------<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>10.000.000
jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>75 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Jumlah pengangguran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7.500.000
– 7.000.000 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>=
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>500.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>500.000
jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tingkat
pengguran<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>---------------------- X 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7.500.000 jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6,6
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"> Dalam prakteknya suatu negara dianggap
sudah mencapai tingkat penggunaan tenaga kerja penuh (atau kesempatan kerja
penuh) apabila dalam perekonomian tingkat penganggurannya adalah kurang dari 4
persen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"> Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dari penjelasan di atas maka dapat ditarik sebuah
kesimpulan bahwa, semakin tinggi upah riil yang diterima oleh pekerja maka
semakin kecil permintaan pengguna kerja terhadap tenaga kerja, hal in tentunya
berakibat pada makin banyaknya angka pengangguran karena penawaran akan
pekerjaan lebih sedikit dibadingkan dengan permintaan yang diajukan oleh para
pekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Menganai penatapan jumlah pekerja dan berapa upah yang
harus diterima olehnya pemerintah tidak dapat menetukan secara pasti mengenai
hal tersebut, pemerintah hanya mencangkan jumlah upah minimum yang harus
diterima oleh para pekerja, adapun selain itu pemerintah berperan juga dalam
beberapa hal yang menyangkut hubungan antara pekerja dan pengguna kerja
(pengusaha)antara lain :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Menyediakan lapangan pekerjaan dengan
melakukan pelatihan dan pembinaan terhadap warga, serta mendorong para
investor untuk melakukan investasi dalam kegiatan ekonomi demi tercapainya
kemashlahatan bersama.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Mengawasi jalannya kegiatan ekonomi,
hubungan karyawan dengan pengusaha, menciptakan suasana kondusif bagi
proses produksi, serta menetukan tingkat upah dan waktu pembayaran.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Mempunyai wewenang terhadap pihak
tertentu untuk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi yang bersifat krusial bagi
kehidupan masyarakat atau pun melarang kegiatan ekonomi yang dapat merusak
tatanan sosial ekonomi masyarakat.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"> Wallahu
a’lam</span></i></li>
</ol>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Agency FB","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kritik dan sarannya sangat kami harapkan,
Sekian,,,,</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";">,</span></i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Karim, Adiwarman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ekonomi Islam :
Suatu Kajian Ekonomi Makro, </i>: IIIT Indonesia, Jakarta, 2002 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Marthon,Said Sa’adalah, <i>Ekonomi Islam di Tengah Krisis Ekonomi
Global,</i> Cet. I,<i> </i>Zikrul Hakim, Jakarta, 2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sadono Sukirno, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Teori
Makro Ekonomi, </i>Ed. III, PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Taimiyah, Ibnu, dan Syaikh al Islam Taqiyyudin Ahmad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al Hisbah Fi al Islam, </i>Pent : Sa’ad Said
Marthon, al Musasaah al Sa’idiyyah, Riyadh, nt</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">DR. Said Sa’ad Marthon, <i>Ekonomi
Islam di Tengah Krisis Ekonomi Global,</i> Cet. I,<i> </i>(Jakarta: Zikrul
Hakim, 2004), hal. 50</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Ibnu Taimiyah, Syaikh al Islam Taqiyyudin Ahmad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al Hisbah Fi al Islam, </i>Pent : Sa’ad Said Marthon, (Riyadh : al
Musasaah al Sa’idiyyah, nt), h. 50</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.5pt;">DR, Sa’ad Marthon, <i>Op.cit,
</i>hal.51</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Adiwarman Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ekonomi Islam : Suatu Kajian Ekonomi Makro, </i>(Jakarta
: IIIT Indonesia, 2002), hal. 218</span><span lang="FI"> </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Sadono Sukirno, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Teori Makro
Ekonomi, </i>Ed. III, (Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003), Cet. XIX,
hal.19 </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid,</i> </span></div>
</div>
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</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-15853332119701436612014-04-18T06:51:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.062-08:00Manajemen Jasa Pendidikan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar
Negara Republik Indonesia dikatakan bahwa ”Negara menjamin hak setiap warga
negara untuk mendapatkan pengajaran”, penduduk indonesia kian hari kian
meningkat, sarana atau fasilitas pendidikan harus di tambah, dan lapangan kerja
juga harus dibuka. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di ataas maka penulis berrencana
untuk mendirikan fasilitas pendidikan yaitu gedung sekolah yang akan digunakan
sebagai sarana atau fasilitas belajar anak-anak setingkat menengah. Namun
segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan manajemen harus direncanakan dengan
matang agar proses pembangunan dan pendiriannya berjalan dengan lancar.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Makalah ini dimaksudkan
sebagai bahan presentase pembangunan fasilitas sekolah sebagai salah satu jasa
pendidikan yang penulis rencanakan untuk dibangun. Dalam rencana ini, penulis
berusaha untuk membangun SMP Swasta yang mudah-mudahan dapat terrealisasi
dengan baik. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penulis menyadari bahwa
pembahasan makalah ini masih kurang dari kesempurnaan namun karena kurangnya
pemahaman dari penulis, maka seperti inilah makalah yang dapat penulis ciptakan.
Kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun sangat penulis harapkan dalam rangka
perbaikan penulisan makalah berikutnya dan kelancaran proyek pembangunan
fasilitas sekolah yang direncanakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akhirnya terimakasih atas
perhatian semua pihak dan mohon maaf atas segala kekurangan, semoga makalah
yang sangat sederhana ini mampu turut serta menambah wawasan keilmuan kita
semua, Amin.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 256.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Samarinda, 24 Mei 2008</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">penulis</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 256.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lesi Suryani</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 256.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada tiga hal yang membuat
sebuah bangsa menjadi besar dan makmur, yakni tanah yang subur, kerja keras,
dan sumber daya manusia yang baik. Tanah yang subur mampu menjadikan bangsa
tidak bergantung kepada Luar Negeri dari segi pangan, kerja keras masyarakat
membuat kita tidak bergantung dari orang lain. Namun untuk mewujudkan semua itu
perlu adanya manusia-manusia yang berkompeten di bidang-bidang yang dibutuhkan,
akan menjadi sesuatu hal yang sulit dicapai jika kita memiliki cita-cita namun
kita tidak mengetahui cara atau tekhnik untuk mencapai cita-cita tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Waktu terus berjalan dan
manusia terus bertambah, walaupun pemerintah telah menerapkan sistem Keluarga
Berencana (KB) untuk menekan pertumbuhan penduduk, akan tetapi pertumbuhan akan
terus berjalan, karena pada realitanya, pertumbuhan penduduk semakin meningkat
terbukti dengan lebih banyaknya angka kelahiran dibanding angka kematian
pertahun. Agar dunia dan bangsa ini dihuni oleh orang atau manusia-manusia
dengan sumber daya yang baik dan intelektual, maka kita sebagai manusia yang sadar
akan problema dan prospek ini harus segera berbenah dan cepat tanggap dalam
memanfaatkan peluang usaha yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seiring bertambahnya manusia
maka sarana dan fasilitas pendidikan juga akan semakin dibutuhkan, rasionalisasinya
adalah, apabila manusia bertambah otomatis gedung sekolah harus diperbanyak
untuk menampung masyarakat yang akan meningkatkan sumber dayanya dan semakin
lama, dunia ini akan semakin modern maka masyarakat juga akan semakin modern
yang kemudian manusia akan semakin berlomba-lomba untuk meningkatkan sumber
daya manusianya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lembaga pendidikan saat inipun
sudah semakin banyak namun gedung sekolah yang disiapkan juga semakin penuh
sesak oleh bertambahnya masyarakat yang ingin sekolah. Akan tetapi banyak dari
sekolah-sekolah swasta yang bahkan mengalami kebangkrutan karena tidak mampu bersaing
dengan sekolah-sekolah lain yang semakin berlomba meningkatkan kwalitasnya agar
terus eksist dalam menciptakan manusia-manusia intelektual. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PERENCANAAN (PLANNING)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperti
diketahui bahwa fungsi manajemen oleh para ahli manajemen dibagi atas beberapa
jenis. Ada membaginya empat jenis, lima jenis, bahkan ada yang sampai tujua
jenis. Tapi dalam pembahasan ini saya hanya mengambil empat jenis sesuai
persepsi George R. Terry, Beliau mengatakan dalam Principle Of Mangement
membagi fungsi manajemen di dalam Perencanaan (Planning), pengorganisasian
(Organizing), pengerakkan (Actuating) dan pengawasan / Evaluasi (Controlling).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perencanaan
adalah kegiatan pertama yang harus dilakukan dalam administrasi. Rencana
merupakan serangkaian keputusan sebagai pedoman pelaksanan kegiatan di masa
yang akan datang. Rencana yang baik hendaknya diarahkan kepada tujuan. Rencana
secara jelas mengemukakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa yang akan dicapai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengapa hal itu perlu dikakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagaimana akan dilaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kapan akan dilaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siapa yang akan melaksanakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengadakan penilaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemungkinan-kemungkinan apa yang dapat
mempengaruhi pelaksanan dan kegiatan mengadakan penyesuaian dan perubahan rencana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
membuat rumusan rencana, kita selalu dihadapkan dengan menganalisasituasi yang
berkaitan dengan sesuatu yang akan dibuat, maka rencana sering disebut dengan
strategi yang dalam aktualisasinya, lingkungan sering berubah atau berbeda
dengan rencana yang telah dirumuskan tersebut, penerapan strategi atau rencana
ini sering disebut taktik atau tekhnik karena konsep strategi atau rencana
disesuaikan dengan lingkungan tempat strategi itu diterapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
pembuatan sekolah, dalam hal ini sekolah swasta yang pertama dilakukan adalah
pembuatan Yayasan yang akan menaungi sekolah tersebut agar nanti staff sekolah
tidak perlu lagi terjebak dengan administrasi yang sifatnya manajemen
keorgainasian secara luas. Setelah pembuatan yayasan kemudian dibentuklah
panitia pembangunan yang akan melaksakan pembangunan sekolah mulai dari lokasi
atau tempat sekolah tersebut didirikan, gedung, sampai pendanaan awal sekolah
tersebut. Dalam melakukan pekerjaannya, panitia terdiri dari sebagian pihak
yayasan agar koordinasi dengan yayasan tetap terbangun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.95pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendirian Yayasan Yang Menaungi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperti
yang telah dijelaskan di atas bahwa dalam membangun sekolah swasta hal pertama
adalah mendirikan yayasan yang akan bekerja melakukan segala aktifitas
perealisasian sekolah yang direncanakan untuk dibangun. Pendirian Yayasan ini
tidak serta merta memuat pembangunan sekolah sebagai tujuan utamanya, akan
lebih mudah jika dalam tujuan pendirian Yayasan dibuat bahwa berkiprah dalam
dunia pendidikan secara umum dan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa agar gerakan
Yayasan bisa merambah kedunia pendidikan yang lebih luas. Salah satu contoh
tujuan yayasan yang kemudian disepakati dalam proyek ini (anggaplah begitu)
adalah: Mewujudkan masyarakat yang berilmu, berkeadilan, beradab dan berwawasan
luas dalam kerangka kelembagaan kemasyarakatan yang mantap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Maksud dari
Tujuan pendirian Yayasan tersebut dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengembangkan sumber daya manusia yang
berkualitas dan tahan uji</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengembangkan sistem kelembagaan
masyarakat yang kuat dan demokratis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membangun kesadaran dan partisipasi masyarakat
dalam kehidupan sosial, politik, ekonomi, budaya dan spiritual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membangun lembaga pendidikan sebagai
sarana penciptaan masyarakat yang intelektual dan berwawasan luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membangun jaringan komunikasi dan
informasi untuk menndukung penyelenggaraan kelembagaan masyarakat dan
peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk
mencapai tujuan tersebut maka Yayasan harus melakukan usaha-usaha yang kemudian
didesain dalam bentuk kegiatan, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melaksanakan pendidikan dan pelatihan yang
berkaitan dengan pengembangan kelembagaan dan sumber daya manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengadakan penelitian dan pengkajian yang
berhubungan dengan potensi dan pengembangan kelembagaan dan sumber daya manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan layanan konseling dan turut
serta melakukan upaya pemecahan terhadap masalah-masalah sosial yang berkaitan
dengan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mendirikan sekolah-sekolah permanen
sebagai sarana pendidikan masyarakat untuk memeprsiapkan diri dalam menghadapi
tantang masa depan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyebarluaskan informasi dan kampanye
yang bertujuan uintuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Semua
usaha-usaha yang tersebut di atas dimaksudkan dalam arti yang seluas-luasnya
dan dapat diaktualisasikan ke dalam event-event kegiatan dan proyek jangka
pendek, menengah atau jangka panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sesuai
hasil penjabaran tujuan pendirian yayasan di atas maka pembangunan fasilitas
sekolah termasuk kedalam salah satu usaha dari sekian banyak usaha yang dapat
dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah direncanakan. Seperti yang telah
dijelaskan di awal makalah bahwa usaha-usaha yayasan sengaja dibuat umum agar
kegiatan yayasan bisa lebih luas, tidak hanya terbatas pembangunan fasilitas
sekolah saja, mungkin bisa dengan membuka lembaga pelatihan atau mengadakan
pelatihan-pelatihan atau seminar, membangun koperasi, ormas, perpustakaan,
gedung ibadah, rumah sakit, dan lain sebagainya yang berhubungan dengan sosial
kemasyarakatn.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahapan-tahapan
pendirian yayasan berawal dari pertemuan tiga orang atau lebih yang memiliki
tujuan sama dan berkomitmen untuk bekerja dan siap berkorban waktu, materi,
perasaan dan sebaginya untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut yang dilanjutkan dengan
merekrut orang lain agar ikut bergabung menjadi anggota yayasan, setelah itu
kemudian menyusun struktur kepengurusan yayasan lalu memposisikan anggota ke
dalam struktur tersebut. Dalam merekrut anggota harus diupayakan agar mendapat
orang-orang yang memiliki jiwa sosial yang tinggi dan mau bekerjsama tanpa
mengharapkan imbalan secepatnya karena perlu diketahui bahwa tahapan awal
pendirian yayasan sampai kepada pembangunan fasilitas sekolah, pihak yayasan
dan panitia pembangunan belum mendapatkan gaji, terkecuali tukang yang
mengerjakan secara tekhnik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah
komposisi kepengurusan yayasan terisi dan siap untuk bekerja sesuai dengan yang
diharapkan maka tahapan selanjutnya adalah mengusahakan agar yayasan yang
telaah didirikan mempunyai kekuatan dimata hukum, yaitu dengan cara dibuatkan
AKTA NOTARIS yang mewakili pemerintah dalam pembuatan surat-surat yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu organisasi apapun sifatnya diakui oleh Negara. Dalam
Negara Indonesia, suatu organisasi dinyatakan diakui dengan syarat minimal
memiliki kepengurusan yang terdiri dari Ketua, Sekretaris Bendahara dan
mendapat AKTA NOTARIS dari petugas pembuat AKTA, keperluan lain AKTA ini adalah
dapaat memudahkan yayasan dalam mengurus bantuan dana proyeksi dari pemerintah.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembentukan Panitia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahapan
selanjutnya setelah pendirian yayasan adalah membentuk panitia pembangunan
gedung atau fasilitas sekolah yang dimaksudkan di atas. Dalam pembentukan
panitia pembangunan sekoolah, yayasan dapat bekerjasama dengan yayasan lain
yang memiliki tujuan yang sama tapi jika yayasan kita mampu mejalaankannya
tanpa kerjasama dengan yayasan lain maka akan lebih baik karena segala sesuatu
yang berhubungan dengan kosekwensi pendirian dan pengelolaan ditanggung dan
diterima sendiri oleh yayasan yang kita bangun tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
pembahasan ini saya ambil panitia pembangunan sekolah yang dipegang oleh satu
yayasan tanpa bekerjasama dengan yayasan lain daalam kepanitiannya. Komposisi panitia
secara keseluruhan terdiri dari anggota Yayasan yang telah terbentuk, oleh
karena itu dalam pendirian Yayasan sebelum di AKTA NOTARIS-kan perlu ditetapkan
terlebih dahulu komponen kepengurusan Yayasan yang didirikan setelah merekrut
anggota yayasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Panitia
yang dibentuk sifatnya non permanen atau sementara, setelah pekerjaan proyek
pambangunan sekolah selesai dan aktifitas memasuki tahapan kerja administarsi
sekolah maka segala pekerjaan diserahkan kepada pihak yang menangani sekolah
tersebut yang dikepalai oleh kepala sekolah, otomatis pekerjaan panitia
pembangunan telah selesai oleh karena itu harus dibubarkan dan bisa dibentuk
lagi jika ada proyek yang menyusul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk
memudahkan kinerjanya maka panitia yang dibentuk harus memiliki komposisi
kepengurusan agar masing-masing anggota panitia dapat bekerja sesuai dengan
tugas yang diserahkan. Sebuah kepanitiaan dapat terdiri: Dewan Pembina, Dewan
Pengawas, Dewan Pengarah, dan Panitia Pelaksana. Secara lengkapnya, berikut
struktur organisasi yang dimaksud:</span></div>
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendanaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pencarian
dana untuk kepeluan pembangunan fasilitas sekolah ini dapat bersumber dari dana
pribadi, dana sumbangan, donor dari pemilik uang yang selanjutnya disebut
penanam saham, dana dari pemerintah atau ke empat-empatnya. Namun aktualisasi
nanti, penanam saham akan menjadi pengurus yayasan atau sekolah yang dibangun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk
memecahkan masalah minimnya dana jika terjadi demikian maka yang akan bekerja
adalah pengurus yayasan dengan cara pembuatan proposal pembangunan fasilitas
sekolah yang meliputi: deskripsi pemikiran pendirian yayasan, kerangka
historis, platform lembaga, visi dan misi serta tujuan,sekretariat, bentuk
kegiatan atau usaha-usaha, kepengurusan, fasilitas yang dimiliki, profil
kagiatan, dan latar belakang pembangunan fasilitas sekolah. Setelah yayasan
mendapatkan dana awal maka pencarian dana tambahan akan dilanjutkan oleh
panitia pelaksana pembangunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lokasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemilihan
tempat pembangunan fasilitas sangat penting mengingat banyak kendala yang akan
dihadapi jika salah dalam menentukan lokasi gedung yang akan dibangun. Kita
dihadapkn dengan AMDAL, kondisi masyarakat, kondisi geografis, lingkungan, dan
masih banyak lagi kendala yang akan ditemui. Penentuan lokasi haruslah secara hati-hati
dan terkadang dalam menentukan lokasi ini memakan banyak waktu yang bervariasi
pada setiap proyek yang berbeda, ada yang bertahun-tahun dan ada juga yang
cepat. Yang perlu menjadi perhatian adalah mengenai hal-hal yang akan terjadi
setelah gedung yang direncanakan untuk dibangun sudah dapat dipergunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembangunan Gedung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah
lokasi sudah ditentukan dan pendanaan telah mencukupi maka fasilitas sekolah
sudah siap untuk dibangun. Pembangunan ini meliputi pembangunan fisik sekolah
sampai penataan ruang lingkup sekolah. Sampai tahapan ini, secara tekhnik
pembangunan fasilitas sekolah masih dalam kendali penuh oleh panitia pelaksana.
Sudah menjadi hal klasic bahwa setiap pembangunan gedung sering terjadi pembengkakan
biaya dari yang disiapkan sebelumnya, maka dalam hal ini panitia pelaksana dan
pihak yayasan dituntut ekstra dalam mencari solusi pendanaan guna suksesnya
pembangunan fasilitas sekolah yang dimaksudkan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemantapan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebelum
fasilitas sekolah menerima murid baru untuk dididik akan lebih penting jika
diadakan pemantauan kelapangan guna mengecek kondisi sekolah, dikhawatirkan
jika sudah menerima siswa baru ternyata gedung sekolah belum siap digunakan
untuk tempat berlangsungnya proses belajar-mengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hal lain
yang perlu dipantau adalah mengenai pendanaan, apabila dana telah habis atau
menipis akibat digunakan dalam pembangunan gedung maka untuk menerima siswa
baru akan terhambat karena sebagai sekolah yang baru notabene harus diadkan
sosialisasi kemasyarakat, panggajian staff yang baru dan biaya adminitasi yang
lain sebagai kegiatan awal untuk pengguanaan fasilitas tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Namun jika
seluruh komponen yang dimaksud di atas telah seluruhnya siap maka berarti
fasilitas sekolah sudah dapat digunakan dan panitia pelaksana pembangunan sudah
dapat dibubarkan yang proses selanjutnya diserahkan kepada pihak yayasan dan
pihak yayasan dapat membuat panitia yang baru yang bertugas untuk menerima
calon staff sekolah dan calon siswa yang akan melangsungkan proses
belajar-mengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENGORGANISASIAN (ORGANIZING)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebenarnya
pengorganisasian dalam makalah ini telah terjadi pada saat pendirian yayasan
sampai kepanitian. Namun dalam makalah ini, penulis menggaris bawahi pembahasan
pengorganisasian khusus pada pengelolaan fasilitas sekolah dan kita kesampingkan
yayasan karena makalah ini penulis khusus membahas tentang manajemen jasa
fasilitas sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di dalam
organisasi, setiap anggota atau staff harus mengetahui peran dan paranan apa
yang ia duduki di dalam kerjasama tersebut. Ia harus mawas diri sejauh mana
kemampuan yang dimiliki baik pengetahuan maupun keterampilan. Apa dan di mana
kedudukan yang diemban dalam organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengorganisasian
(Organizing) proses dalam manajemen yang berupa pengawasan-pengawasan dan
penugasan, hal ini disebabkan pembagian kerja, secara vertikal maupun secara
horizontal. Tetapi kesmua itu tidak terlepas dari prosedur, proses dan tujuan
yang hendak dicapai dalam rangka kerjasama. Pembagan tugas dan pekerjaan
merupakan asar dari organisasi, sesuai dengan struktur yang telah ditetapkan
yang nantinya setiap staff memelihara hubungan baik antara fungsi-fungsi,
faktor-faktyor fisik dan tenaga yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
organisasi diperlukan hubungan kerja sesuai dengan pembagian kerja dengan
segala tanggung jawab dan pertanggung jawaban. Kekuasaan dan tanggung jawab
harus menyatu dalam diri setiap orang yang menduduki sebuah jabatan. Kekuasaan
dan tanggung jawab ibarat dua sisi mata uang karena kekuasaan tanpa tanggung
jawab adalah sewenang-wenang dan tanggung jawab tanpa kakuasaan tidak berarti
sama sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Program Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Program
kerja dimaksudkan sebagai penjabaran tujuan gedung sekolah didirikan sampai
strategi-strategi yang diterapkan untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan.
Program kerja berfungsi sebagai pedoman kerja organisasi dalam usahanya
mencapai tujuan yang dicita-citakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembahasan
program kerja dilakukan sebelum memulai pekerjaan karena mampu memberikan
gambaran umum mengenai hal-hal yang harus dikerjakan agar semua staff dapat
dapat fokus pada tujuannya. Sebagai jasa pendidikan atau pengembangan sumber
daya manusia, maka program kerja dikhususkan kepada hal-hal yang berkaitan
dengan tehnik dan sistem pendidikan. Pembahasan program kerja diserahkan kepada
pihak yayasan yang menaungi sekolah yang telah dibangun dengan dibantu oleh
orang yang berkompeten dalam dunia pendidikan, mungkin dari dinas pendidikan
atau orang yang ahli mengenai pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perekrutan Staff </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahapan
selanjutnya adalah perekrutan staff yang akan bekerja dalam sekolah yang
dibangun. Dalam perekrutan ini, yayasan akan mempertimbangkan latar belakang
pendidikan dan keterampilan serta pengalaman calon staff yang akan diterima. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Staff yang
akan disiapkan oleh pihak swasta berupa: kepala sekolah, staff administrasi,
staff pengajar, security, dan petugas kebersihan. Dalam perekrutan staff
tersebut, pihak yayasan tentu harus mengutamakan komponen pengurus yayasan dan
pihak yang terlibat dari awal pendiriannya dengan mempertimbangkan keterampilan
dan latar belakang pendidikan masing-masing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembuatan Struktur Organisasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Organisasi
adalah pengelompokan manusia untuk bekerjasama dalam rangka mencapai tujuan.
Tanpa memandang ukuran dan bentuknya, setiap komponen organisasi harus tunduk
pada suatu pengendalian menyeluruh dan tanggung jawab pengambilan keputusan pada
setiap tingkat manajemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperti
yang telah dijelaskan di atas bahwa struktur organisasi mempunyai tujuan
bersama yang dilakukan oleh anggota kelompok. Besar kecilnya organisasi
merupakan faktor yang penting untuk menentukan jumlah manajemen yang diperlukan.
Ini akan berbeda-beda dari unit operasi tunggal yang dimanajemeni oleh
pemiliknya dengan dibentuk oleh kelompok kecil yang setia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Organisasi
sebagai kerangka saja tidaklah cukup untuk melingkupi arti organisasi. Oleh
karena itu, organisasi juga diartikan sebagai proses yang akan menentukan
aktivitas-aktivitas apa yang akan dilakukan guna pencapaian suatu tujuan dan
rencana dengan membagi-bagi dan mengelompokkan staff-staff kedalam
satuan-satuan tugas, Serta penetuan hubungan wewenang antara orang-orang yang
melakukan tugas dengan komunikasi yang jelas juga akan menghindari timpang
tindih tugas antar staff.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengingat
hal tersebut maka sangat penting untuk membuat struktur organisasi sebelum
memulai segala aktifitas kelembagaan. Struktur organisasi yang dimaksud disini
mencakup hubungan antar staff dalam lingkup sekolah dan hubungan antara sekolah
dengan yayasan yang menaunginya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikut
struktur organisassinya:</span></div>
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penempatan Staff</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah
struktur organisasi terbentuk dan tenaga atau staff sudah tersedia, maka
saatnyalah untuk menempatkan orang-orang yang sudah direkrut untuk diposisikan
sesuai dengan hasil wawancara dengan pihak panitia penerimaan staff.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penempatan
staff sama pentingnya dengan struktur organisasi, jika struktur organisasi adalah
kerangka maka orang yang mengisi struktur tersebut adalah nyawa atau roh dari
struktur tersebut. Karena struktur bukanlah apa-apa tanpa orang yang bergerak sesuai
dengan struktur yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendaftaran Calon Siswa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sampai
tahapan ini, komponen organisasi sudah tersedia dengaan bentuk yang diharapkan,
berarti bahwa proses belajar mengajar telah siap dilaksanakan. Maka tindakan
selanjutnya adalah membuka penerimaan siswa baru yang di awali dengan
sosialisasi kemasyarakat mengenai sekolah baru ini. Sosialisai dapat dilakukan
dengan cara: membuat selebaran atau brosur, spanduk, baliho, iklan media cetak
dan elektronik, kampanye, dan sosialisasi dari mulut ke mulut. Pada tahap
sosialisasi ini, semua komponen terlibat langsung, baik pihak sekolah, penanam
saham, maupun yayasan yang menaungi tapi penanggung jawab penuh diserahkan
kepada pihak sekolah yakni panitia yang sengaja dibentuk untuk menerima siswa
baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akan sangat
bagus jika tahap sosialisai tentang sekolah baru ini bertepatan dengan
pertengan semester akhir atau di awal semester akhir karena jika tahap
sosialisasi berlangsung pada akhir semester akhir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka proses sosialisasi di aggap terlambat
karena waktu sosialisasi sedikit. Penerimaan siswa baru harus dibuat dengan sistem
ujuai atau test walaupun pada aktualisasi di administrasi tidak begitu
diperketat untuk tahapan awal dan selanjutnya di buat lebih intelektual. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apabila
proses penerimaan siswa baru telah usai maka proses belajar-mengajar telah
dimulai dan ini akan berjalan statis. Maka hal yang perlu dilakukan kemudian
adalah mengawasi dan mengevaluasi secara berkesinambungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENGAWASAN (CONTROLLING)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengawasan
didasarkan atas fungsi, bukan didasarkan atas kekuatan. Mungkin suatu waktu
pengawasan berhasil bila dilakukan dengan adanya kekuatan, tetapi jika kekuatan
lemah, maka pengawasan tidaklah berarti. Jadi pengawasan tergantung pada sistem
tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengawasan
merupakan kegiatan pokok dari manajemen agar segala pekerjaan dapat
dilaksanakan sesuai dengan rencana dan ketentuan yang telah digariskan. pengawasan
harus dilakukan secara sistematis dan terus menerus. Sesuatu masalah dapat
dipecahkan dan pemecahannya tersebut akan menimbulkan masalah baru lagi,
demikian pula dengan pengawasan. Berbagai tindakan telah dilakukan tetapi tanpa
dilakukan pengawasan lanjutan akan menimbulkan tendensi penyimpangan baru. Pada
organisasia yang bergerak dibidang jasa pendidikan yang penulis maksudkan ini,
pengawasan dilakukan oleh pihak yayasan terhadap fasilitas sekolah sampai
kepada kinerja komponen yang mengelola sekolah yang dimaksud.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk
memudahkan pengawasan mengenai kinerja organisasi sekolah maka harus ada
pelaporan-pelaporan dari pihak sekolah kepada pihak yayasan sebagai pengawas,
laporan-laporan yang disampaikan adalah mulai dari segala sesuatu yang berhubungan
dengan aktifitas belajar-mengajar sampai kepada manajemen, administrasi,
keuangan dan kinerja staff serta kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dilapangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Laporan-Laporan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Laporan-laporan
dapat dilakukan setiap minggu, setiap bulan, atau setiap tahun. Namun akan
lebih baik jika laporan mengenai kondisi sekolah, interaksi antar staff dan dilakukan
setiap minggu, sementara laporan mengenai adminstrasi, keuangan, dan kondisi
siswa serta kenyaman atau kendala-kendalanya dilakukan setiap bulan, khusus
untuk manajemen, program kerja dan realisasinya, dan kinerja staff mulai dari
pimpinan sampai staff terendah dilakukan setiap tahun. Namun hal ini cukup
djadikan acuan proses saja karena akan lebih baik jika pelaporan dilakukan
secepatnya saaat ada permasalahan agar permasalahan yang ada tidak menjadi
besar karena lambat diatasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.35pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengawasan
terhadap pekerjaan dapat berupa bagan-bagan, formulir-formulir, nota-nota,
catatan-catatan, laporan-laporan, kunjungan-kunjungan, apakah semua itu sesuai
atau tidak dengan norma, kaedah, ketentuan, ukuran, timbangan atau kriteria
sebagai tolok ukur. Dari hasil pengawasan tersebut akan dapat diambil suatu
penilaian atau evaluasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">EVALUASI (EVALUATION)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Evaluasi
bertujuan untuk mengetahui sampai dimana tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dapat
dicapai, kegiatan mana yang belum diselesaikan atau yang sedang dalam proses
penyelesaian dan kendala-kendala apa yang dihadapi serta merumuskan strategi
untuk mengantisipasi kesalahan-kesalahan yang terjadi. Kegiatan evaluasi ini
meliputi, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.95pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mempelajari
perkambangan usaha atau kegiatn secara terus-menerus dengan cara-cara
pemantauan (pengawasan), sehingga dapat diketahui dengan segera segala sesuatu
faktor yang menghambat dan faktor-faktor pendukung dalam kegiatan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.95pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengadakan pengukuran tingkat keberhasilan
suatu kegiatan sesuai dengan program-program tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.95pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengadakan
berbagai usaha untuk memecahkan hambatan-hambatan yang timbul demi kelancaran
kegiatan yang dijalani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada
ungkapan bahwa evaluasi tidak berarti mencari-cari kesalahan, tetapi
memperbaiki bila diteruskan kesalahan. Ibarat seorang dokter, ia harus
mengetahui dulu penyakit pasiennya baru kemudian ia mampu untuk memberikan obat
agar si pasien dapat cepat sembuh dari penyakitnya. Begitu pula perusahaan atau
organisasi yang bergerak dibidang jasa sekalipun, harus mengetahui permasalahan
yang ada baru bisa mencarikan solusi yang akan diambil guan menyelesaikan
masalah tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sifat
perbaikan dapat dalam bentuk pengarahan, bimbingan, petunjuk dan lain-lain.
Begitu juga evaluasi, ia bersifat dimensional, artinya bukan saja melihat
kebelakang mengevaluasi apa yang sedang terjadi. Tetapi juga
perkiraan-perkiraan tentang apa yang akan terjadi di masa depan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setiap
permasalahan yang ditemukan dilapangan akan dibahas dalam rapat-rapat yang
ditentukan dan disesuaikan dengan waktu luang. Rapat-rapat yang dimaksud adalah
rapat harian yaitu satu kalidalam satu minggu, rapat bulanan yaitu rapat
diadakan satu kali dalam satu bulan, rapat tahunan yaitu rapat yang diadakan
sekali setip tahun. Berarti dalam satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bulan ada 4 kali rapat harian, dalam satu tahun ada 12 kali rapat
bulanan dan satu kali rapat tahunan. Rapat harian membahas mengenai hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan sehari-hari, rapat bulanan membahas tentang
perjalanan organisasi selama satu bulan dan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan
permasalahan yang dihadapi olah organisasi secara menyeluruh sementara rapat
tahunan membahas tantang realisasi program kerja yang telah ditentukan,
membahas tentang startegi-strategi yang akan diterapkan guna tercapainya tujuan
organisasi dan membuat program kerja yang baru yang disesuaikan dengn kondisi
lingkungan yang sering berubah-ubah.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 55.05pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demikianlah makalah Manajemen
Jasa Pendidikan ini saya buat untuk menjadi acuan saya dalam mendirikan sebuah
usaha jasa bidang pendidikan. Setelah saya selesai menulis makalah ini, saya
berkesimpulan bahwa ternyata suatu kegiatan organisasi adalah bagaimana kita
menerapkan manajemen dengan fungsi-fungsinya, dan segala kegiatan akan sukses
jika dijalankan dengan manajemen yang bagus dan trrencana. Sesuatu hal yang
diinginkan akan dapat dicapai apabila dilakukan dengan rencana dan strategi
yang mantap dan tentunya dengan semangat serta loyalitas dan konsisten terhadap
keinginanan untuk mencapainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suatu rencana adalah skema
kegiatan, atrategi, atau cara untuk melakukan kegiatan atau berusaha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai tujuan tertentu. Sebagai salah satu
fungsi manajemen, rencana sangat brepengaruh terhadap sukses tidaknya sebuah
kegiatan yang memerlukan manajemen. Oleh karena itu manajemen akan berjalan
dengan baik apabila kegiatan dilakukan dengan betul-betul terrencana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam menggerakkan organisasi,
manjemen adalah penggerak utama dengan berbagai fungsiny, namun fungsi
manajemen bukan hanya sebatas perencanaan saja lebih dari itu juga termasuk
pengorganisasian, penggerakkan, pengawasan, dan evaluasi, seluruh fungsi
manajemen tersebut akan penulis jadikan sebagai alat manajemen dalam rangka
pencapaian tujuan ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR BACAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Firman B.
Aji dan S. Martin Sirait.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Perencanaan dan
Evaluasi (Suatu Sistem Untuk Proyek Pembangunan)” </i>Jakarta: Bina Aksara,
1982</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hughes,
Chris & Praty R. Dean, ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manajemen
Produksi dan Operasi” </i>Semarang: Penerbit Dahara Prize, 1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nasution,
H.M.N. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Manajemen Jasa Transportasi” </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.75pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Widjaya
A.W. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Perencanaan Sebagai Fungsi
Manajemen”</i> Jakarta: Penerbit PT Bina Aksara, 1987</span></div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-60596913967068120822014-04-18T06:30:00.005-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.101-08:00Nikah Lewat Telepon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Nikah adalah salah satu pokok hidup yang utama dalam pergaulan dan
bermasyarakat yang sempurna. Bukan saja pernikahan itu satu jalan yang amat
mulia untuk mengatur kehidupan rumah tangga dan menjaga keturunan, tetapi
pernikahan itu dapat dipandang sebagai satu jalan menuju pintu perkenalan
antara satu kaum dengan kaum yang lainnya serta perkenalan itu akan menjadi
jalan untuk menyampaikan bertolong-tolongan satu dengan yang lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Sebenarnya pertalian pernikahan adalah pertalian yang sesungguhnya dan
seteguh-teguhnya dalam hidup dan kehidupan manusia, bukan saja antara suami
isteri dan keturunannya saja, bahkan antara kedua keluarga. Betapa tidak ? dari
sebab pergaulan baik antara si isteri dengan suaminya, kasih mengasihi serta
kebaikan-kebaikan yang lainnya. Kebaikan itu akan berpindah kepada semua
keluarga dari kedua belah pihaknya, sehingga mereka menjadi satu dalam segala
urusan tolong menolong antara sesama dalam menjalankan kebaikan dan menjaga
segala kejahatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: lime; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, model dan corak pernikahpun semakin
berkembang, antara lain pernikahan yang akadnya lewat telepon, dimana
pernikahan tidak lagi harus secara langsung berhadap-hadapan antara mempelai
lelaki dengan mempelai perempuan atau dengan pihak lain yang terkait dalam
pernikahan (wali atau saksi). Oleh karenanya saya selaku penulis ingin mencoba
membahas sedikit mengenai model corak pernikahan lewat telepon yang coba
penulis paparkan dalam sebuah makalah yang diberi judul NIKAH VIA TELEPON </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NIKAH VIA TELEPON</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Pengertian, Rukun dan Syarat-Syarat Nikah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Nikah
secara bahasa artinya berkumpul dan bercampur sedangkan secara istilah fikih
nikah adalah suatu akad yang menghalalkan pergaulah (kumpul dan campur bareng) antara
lelaki dan seorang perempuan dalam membentuk suatu keluarga yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sakinah</i> (bahagia), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mawaddah</i> (kekal), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rahmah</i>
(sejahtera) dengan syarat-syarat tertentu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Adapun
rukun dari nikah itu sendiri secara umum terdiri dari; 1) Kedua mempelai; 2) Adanya
wali dari pihak mempelai wanita; 3) Adanya dua orang saksi, dan 4) akad nikah
(ijab kabul) dimana dari masing-masing rukun itu sendiri terdapat syarat-syarat
yang harus dipenuhi demi sahnya sebuah perkawinan, syarat-syarat tersebut
yaitu; 1) Kedua mempelai haruslah dari keluarga yang berbeda, maksudnya bukan
dari adanya nasab, semenda ataupun dari anak sesusuan; serta tidak ada paksaan
serta nyata 2) untuk wali dan dua orang saksi haruslah orang islam, baligh,
berakal, merdeka dan haruslah seorang lelaki, serta adil;<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Nikah Melalui Telepon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Nikah
melalui telepon dapat diartikan sebagai suatu bentuk pernikahan yang transaksi
ijab kabulnya dilakukan melalui telepon, jadi antara mempelai lelaki dengan
mempelai perempuan, wali dan saksi itu tidak saling bertatapan. Tetapi sebelum mengkaji
lebih dalam mengenai hukum dari nikah yang dilakukan lewat telepon, saya ingin
mencoba mengangkat sebuah kasus pernikahan (kasus ini saya ambil dari situs <a href="http://www.majalahindonesia.com/">www.majalahindonesia.com</a>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
antara Rita Sri Mutiara Dewi yang berasal dari Jln. Cibeureum, Cimahi, dengan Wiriadi
Sutrisno yang berasal di California, Amerika Serikat. </span>Dimana perkawinan
mereka dilakukan lewat internet dengan hanya memandang lewat layar screen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Dari kasus tersebut penulis ingin sedikit mengemukakan
tentang beberapa hal yang pernikahan melaluli telepon, setidaknya ada beberapa
pendapat yang mengomentari masalah ini, pendapat-pendapat tersebut antara lain;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama,</i>
membolehkan, para ulama yang membolehkan nikah yang akadnya lewat telepon
mengatakan bahwa nikah yang seperti ini sebenarnya sudah digambarkan dalam masa
Rasulullah, hal ini sebagaimana digambarkan dalam sebuah hadits </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
Artinya
:“Bahwasanya Umu Habibah adalah Istri Ubaidillah bin Jatsy. Ubaidillah
meninggal di negeri Habasyah, maka raja Habasyah (semoga Allah memberi rahmat
kepadanya) menikahkan Umu Habibah kepada Nabi SAW, ia bayarkan maharnya 4000
dirham, lalu ia kirimkan Umu Habibah kepada Nabi SAW bersama Surah Bil bin
Hasanah lalu Nabi SAW menerimanya.” (H.R Abu Daud dan Nasa’i)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam hadits di atas para Ulama yang mengemukakan
diperbolehkanya nikah tanpa adanya pertemuan antara kedua mempelai itu
berpendapat bahwa menikahkan seorang wanita kepada seorang laki-laki tanpa
keduanya itu boleh-boleh saja, asal kedua-duanya sama-sama suka. Bahkan menurut
mereka (ulama) menurut mereka model pernikahan seperti ini jauh lebih aman asal
sudah saling mengetahui watak dan kepribadian masing-masing sebelumnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua, </i>tidak
membolehkan, kebanyakan ulama yang mengatakan bahwa pernikahan melalui telepon
itu tidak sah itu disebabkan karena faktor ketidak jelasan dari si mempelai
baik mempelai lelaki maupun dari pihak perempuan, hal ini disebabkan karena
dapat memungkinkan adanya unsur penipuan sebab suara yang didengarkan lewat
telepon dapat dipalsukan artinya hal ini dapat menyebabkan adanya ketidak
jelasan dalam perkawinan itu sendiri. Padahal dalam sebuah perkawinan diantara
sarat dari kedua mempelai adalah adanya kejelasan mempelai itu sendiri,
sedangkan dalam nikah model ini menurut mereka dianggap kurang adanya kejelasan
adanya mempelai. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Berdasarkan kedua pendapat di atas penulis mencoba
menawarkan sebuah kesimpulan yang sedikit berbeda dengan keduanya, yaitu dengan
membolehkan sebuah pernikahan tanpa mempertemukan kedua mempelai secara
langsung, dalam hal ini melalui telepon dengan syarat dengan harus menampilkan
gambar orang yang berbicara (melalui teleconference atau percakaan di
telepon/internet yang langsung bisa bertatap muka satu sama lainnya) hal ini
dilakukan untuk menghindari ketidakjelasan seperti yang telah dipaparkan oleh
pendapat kedua maka penulis menganjurkan adanya visualisasi.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENUTUP</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kesimpulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Dari pemaparan diatas dapat penulis simpulkan bahwa pernikahan yang
dilakukan melalui telepon itu sah-sah saja asalkan adanya kejelasan dari yang
menelepon, untuk menghindari adanya ketidakjelasan orang melakukan perkawinan
yang melalui tetlepon maka perkawinan yang diperbolehkan adalah perkawinan yang
melalui tetconference atau telepon yang dilengkapi dengan tampilan gambar orang
yang menelepon atau lewat jalur internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu a’lam</i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Rasjid, Sulaiman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqh islam, </i>Bandung : PT. Sinar Baru,
1987</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Sabiq, Sayyid., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqih Sunnah</i>,
Pent. : Kamaluddin A. Marzuki, Bandung : PT. Al Ma’arif, 1987,Cet. I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: black; margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Qurrah,Abu., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pandangan Islam Terhadap Pernikahan Melalui
Internet</i>, Jakarta : PT. Golden Terayon Press, 1997</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: lime;">
<hr align="left" size="1" style="color: black;" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="color: black;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Lihat di Sulaiman Rasjid, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqh islam, </i>( Bandung : PT. Sinar Baru,
1987), hal. 354</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="color: black;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> Bandingkan dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sayyid Sabiq, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqih Sunnah</i>, Pent. : Kamaluddin A. Marzuki (Bandung : PT. </span>Al
Ma’arif, 1987),Cet. I, hal. 355-357</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Untuk lebih lanjutnya penulis cantumkan isi artikel
tersebut Pagi itu, Rabu (11/1), kesibukan di Kantor Plasa Telkom Setiabudi
Bandung, Jawa Barat terlihat sedikit berbeda dari biasanya. Belasan orang
menyesaki ruang net meeting. Ruang berukuran 5 X 6 meter tersebut biasa
digunakan untuk menggelar rapat melalui video conference. Tanpa harus bertatap
muka secara langsung, meeting bisa digelar dengan mereka yang berada di lokasi
berbeda.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="color: black;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Nah,
yang membuat agak istimewa, teknologi net meeting digunakan untuk menyatukan
dua anak adam yang terpisahkan jarak ribuan kilometer dalam satu mahligai
perkawinan. Mempelai wanita, Rita Sri Mutiara Dewi yang berasal dari Jln.
Cibeureum, Cimahi, berada di Kantor Plasa Telkom Bandung, sementara mempelai
pria, Wiriadi Sutrisno berada di California,
Amerika Serikat. Praktis, wajah Tris –sapaan Wiriadi— hanya bisa dilihat
melalui layar screen. Ia berada di suatu ruangan ditemani rekannya yang bertindak
sebagai saksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Tepat
pukul 08.30 WIB, ijab kabul
dimulai. Sohidin Efendi yang bertindak sebagai penghulu, langsung bertanya
kepada calon mempelai putri yang pagi itu mengenakan busana muslim warna krem
dan coklat muda “Apa benar orangnya seperti itu? Seperti yang ada di tembok,”
tanya penghulu dari kecamatan Andir. Yang dimaksud tembok oleh Sohidin adalah
layar screen. Tanpa ragu, wanita berjilbab itu mengangguk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Jawaban
Rita membuat Sohidin tak ingin berbasa-basi lagi. Meski calon mempelai pria tak
hadir secara langsung layaknya perkawinan pada umumnya, toh ada saksi, wali
kedua mempelai serta beberapa kerabat dari calon pengantin. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tidak ketinggalan, sebuah
mas kawin emas 20 gram dikemas dalam wadah keranjang berbentuk hati dengan
balutan kain warna silver. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">“Apa Mas Tris
di sana sudah
siap?” Pertanyaan itu diajukan Sohidin untuk memastikan bahwa calon mempelai
pria sudah ready. Begitu mendapat jawaban siap dari lelaki yang meng-gunakan
jas warna gelap berikut peci hitam itu, acara pun dimulai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Runutan acara yang memakan
waktu tak lebih dari setengah jam itu, tak ubahnya pernikahan secara islami
pada umumnya. Begitu Tris selesai mengucapkan ijab kabul, Sohidin langsung bertanya kepada
hadirin, “Bagaimana sah?”. Spontan, terdengar suara sah secara serentak. Yang
membuat agak berbeda, surat
nikah tidak ditandatangani mempelai pria secara langsung. Surat nikah terpaksa harus difaks untuk
ditandatangani Tris. Acara jabat tangan antara mempelai pria dengan wali saat
ijab kabul
diucapkan tak bisa dilakukan. Begitu juga dengan acara sungkeman mempelai pria
dengan Ny Erawan, ibunda dari Rita, tak bisa dilangsungkan. <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Meski demikian, Rita tetap sumringah. “Senang,
acara bisa berlangsung lancar,” tutur Rita, bersyukur. ..coba anda lihat di <a href="http://www.majalahindonesia.com/">www.majalahindonesia.com</a> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: black;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="color: black;"> Hadist ini saya ambil di Abu Qurrah, SH.
JRN., </span><i style="color: black;">Pandangan Islam Terhadap Pernikahan
Melalui Internet</i><span style="color: black;">, (Jakarta : PT. Golden Terayon Press, 1997), hal. 84</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com1Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-24004199437765984522014-04-18T06:14:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.137-08:00Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) MUI Tentang Akad Tabarru' pada Asuransi dan Reasuransi Syari'ah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="title" style="color: magenta; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Akad Tabarru' pada
Asuransi dan Reasuransi Syariah </span></b></div>
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</span></b><br />
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</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">FATWA
<br />
DEWAN SYARI'AH NASIONAL<br />
NO: 53/DSN-MUI/III/2006<br />
Tentang <br />
AKAD TABARRU’ <br />
PADA ASURANSI DAN REASURANSI SYARIAH</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
</span></b><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Menimbang :<br />
Mengingat :<br />
Memperhatikan :<br />
MEMUTUSKAN :<br />
Menetapkan : FATWA TENTANG AKAD TABARRU’ PADA ASURANSI DAN REASURANSI SYARIAH <br />
<br />
Pertama : Ketentuan Hukum </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Akad Tabarru’ merupakan akad yang
harus melekat pada semua produk asuransi. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Akad Tabarru’ pada asuransi adalah
semua bentuk akad yang dilakukan antar peserta pemegang polis. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Asuransi syariah yang dimaksud pada
point 1 adalah asuransi jiwa, asuransi kerugian dan reasuransi. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Kedua : Ketentuan Akad </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Akad Tabarru’ pada asuransi adalah
akad yang dilakukan dalam bentuk hibah dengan tujuan kebajikan dan
tolong-menolong antar peserta, bukan untuk tujuan komersial. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam akad Tabarru’, harus disebutkan
sekurang-kurangnya: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">hak & kewajiban masing-masing
peserta secara individu; </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">hak & kewajiban antara peserta
secara individu dalam akun tabarru’ selaku peserta dalam arti badan/kelompok; </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">cara dan waktu pembayaran premi dan
klaim; </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">syarat-syarat lain yang disepakati,
sesuai dengan jenis asuransi yang diakadkan. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Ketiga : Kedudukan Para Pihak dalam Akad Tabarru’ </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dalam akad Tabarru’, peserta
memberikan dana hibah yang akan digunakan untuk menolong peserta atau peserta
lain yang tertimpa musibah. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Peserta secara individu merupakan
pihak yang berhak menerima dana tabarru’ (<i>mu’amman/mutabarra’ lahu</i>,
ãÄãøä/ãÊÈÑøóÚ áå) dan secara kolektif selaku penanggung (<i>mu’ammin/mutabarri’</i>-
ãÄãøä/ãÊÈÑøöÚ). </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Perusahaan asuransi bertindak sebagai
pengelola dana hibah, atas dasar akad Wakalah dari para peserta selain
pengelolaan investasi. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Keempat : Pengelolaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pembukuan dana Tabarru’ harus
terpisah dari dana lainnya. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hasil investasi dari dana tabarru’
menjadi hak kolektif peserta dan dibukukan dalam akun tabarru’. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dari hasil investasi, perusahaan
asuransi dapat memperoleh bagi hasil berdasarkan akad Mudharabah atau akad
Mudharabah Musytarakah, atau memperoleh ujrah (fee) berdasarkan akad Wakalah
bil Ujrah. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Kelima : Surplus Underwriting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jika terdapat surplus underwriting
atas dana tabarru’, maka boleh dilakukan beberapa alternatif sebagai berikut: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Diperlakukan seluruhnya sebagai dana
cadangan dalam akun tabarru’. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Disimpan sebagian sebagai dana
cadangan dan dibagikan sebagian lainnya kepada para peserta yang memenuhi
syarat aktuaria/manajemen risiko. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Disimpan sebagian sebagai dana
cadangan dan dapat dibagikan sebagian lainnya kepada perusahaan asuransi dan
para peserta sepanjang disepakati oleh para peserta. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pilihan terhadap salah satu
alternatif tersebut di atas harus disetujui terlebih dahulu oleh peserta dan
dituangkan dalam akad. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Keenam : Defisit Underwriting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jika terjadi defisit underwriting
atas dana tabarru’ (defisit tabarru’), maka perusahaan asuransi wajib
menanggulangi kekurangan tersebut dalam bentuk Qardh (pinjaman). </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pengembalian dana qardh kepada
perusahaan asuransi disisihkan dari dana tabarru’. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
Ketujuh : Ketentuan Penutup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jika salah satu pihak tidak
menunaikan kewajibannya atau jika terjadi perselisihan di antara para pihak,
maka penyelesaiannya dilakukan melalui Badan Arbitrase Syari’ah setelah tidak
tercapai kesepakatan melalui musyawarah. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fatwa ini berlaku sejak tanggal
ditetapkan, dengan ketentuan jika di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat
kekeliruan, akan diubah dan disempurnakan sebagaimana mestinya. </span></b></div>
<div style="color: magenta; text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b style="color: magenta;">Ditetapkan
di : Jakarta</b><br />
Tanggal : 23 Shafar 1427 / 23 Maret 2006</span></div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-7215040950144407712014-04-18T06:04:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.172-08:00Bank Sentral, Bank Umum, Bank Perkreditan Rakyat dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Terimakasih telah mengunjungi Juragan Makalah, berukut ini adalah makalah pengantar perbankan denga judul bahasan Bank Sentral, Bank Umum dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat. adapun yang menjadi pokok bahasan dalam adalah : Sejarah Bank Sentral, Tujuan dan Fungsi Bank Sentral, Pengertian Bank Umum, Kegiatan Bank Umum, Pengertian Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, Kegiatan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, Usaha Yang Dilarang bagi Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS), Produk-produk BPRS, Strategi Operasional BPRS.</span> </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>Makalah Pengantar Perbankan</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span> “Bank Sentral, Bank Umum dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat”</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV"> Disusun Oleh :</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV"> Ani Rahayu : 04.1202.000</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Fadhillah : 02.1202.000</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Nur’Aini : 03.1202.0020</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV"> Jurusan / Prodi : Syari’ah /
Muamalah</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">SEKOLAH TINGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SAMARINDA</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Kata Pengantar</span></b></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alhamdulillah, puji Syukur kami panjatkan
kehadirat Allah SWT. Karena atas berkat rahmat, taufik, serta hidayahNya kami
dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik tanpa suatu halangan apapun. Amin.
Sholawat serta salam senantiasa tercurah kepada junjungan kita nabi besar
Muhammad SAW. Beserta sahabat dan keluarganya yang telah menuntun kita dari
zaman kegelapan menuju jalan yang terang benerang yakni Dinul Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terima kasih kami sampaikan
kepada Bapak Iswadi selaku dosen mata kuliah Pengantar Perbankan atas
bimbingannya, serta buat teman-teman kelompok I, terima kasih atas kerjasamanya
dalam pennyusunan makalah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kami sadar bahwa dalam
penulisan makalah ini kurang begitu sempurna, untuk itu saran dan kritik yang
membangun sangat kami harapkan demi perbaikan penyusunan untuk selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.</span></i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Samarinda, 13 Novenber 2006</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENDAHULUAN </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam praktiknya, Bank terdiri
dari Bank Sentral, Bank Umum, dan bank Perkreditan rakyat (BPR). Bank Sentral
di Indonesia dilaksanakan oleh bank Indonesia dan memegang fungsi sebagai <i>Bank
Sirkulasi, Bank to bank and Lender Of the Last Resort.</i> Biasanya pelayanan
yang diberikan oleh Bank Indonesia lebih banyak kepada pihak pemerintah dan
dunia perbankan. Dengan kata lain nasabah bank Indonesia dalam hal ini lebih
banyak kapada Lembaga Perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan utama Bank Indonesia
sebagai Bank Sentral adalah mencapai dan memelihara kastebilan nilai rupiah.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut Bank Sentral mempunyai tugas menetapkan dan
melaksanakan kebijakan moneter, mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem devisa
serta mengatur da mengawasi bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemudian Bank Umum merupakan
Bank yang bertugas melayani seluruh jasa-jasa perbankan dan melayani segenap
lapisan masyarakat, baik perorangan maupun lembaga-lembaga lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sedangkan Bank Perkreditan
Rakyat (BPR) merupakan Bank yang khusus melayani masyarakat kecil di kecamatan
dan pedesaan. Jenis produk yang ditawarkan oleh Bank Perkreditan Rakyat ini
relatif sempit dibandigkan dengan Bank Umum, bahkan ada beberapa jenis jasa
bank yang tidak boleh diselenggarakan oleh BPR, seperti pembukaan rekening Giro
dan ikut Kliring.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikut akan kami jelaskan
lebih rinci mengenai Bank Sentral, Bank Umum serta Bank Perkreditan Rakyat.
Untuk lebih jelasnya lagi akan kita bahas dalam diskusi nanti. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BANK SENTRAL </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sejarah Bank </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank
Indonesia berasal dari De Javasche Bank N.V yang merupakan salah satu bank
milik pemerintah Belanda. De Javashe Bank N.V didirikan pada zaman pemerintah
Belanda, pada tanggal 10 Oktober 1827 yang kemudian dinasionalisir pemerintah
RI pada tanggal 6 Desember 1951 dengan Undang-undang No. 24 tahun 1951 menjadi
Bank milik pemerintah RI.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperti
diketahui bahwa bangsa Indonesia mengenal dunia perbankan dari bekas penjajahan
belanda. Oleh karena itu sejarah perbankanpun tidak lepas dari pengaruh negara
yang menjajahnya, baik untuk Bank Pemerintah maupun milik swasta Nasional. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank
Sentral di Indonesia, adalah Bank Indonesia (BI) berdasarkan UU No. 13 tahun
1968, yang kemudian ditegaskan lagi dengan munculnya Undang-undang No. 23 tahun
1999.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan dan Fungsi Bank Sentral</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Peranan
danfungsi Bank Indonesia sebagai Bank Sentral atau sering juga disebut <i>Bank
To bank</i> dalam pembangunan memang penting dan sangat dibutuhkan keberadaanya.
Tugas-tugas Bank Indonesia sebagai <i>Bank To bank </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah mengatur, mengawasi, mengkoordinir
serta memberikan tindakan kepada dunia perbankan. Bank Indonesia juga mengurus
dana yang dihimpun dari masyarakat agar disalurkan kembali kepada masyarakat sesuai
dengan tujuan pembangunan, serta mengatur dan mengawasi kegiatan perbankan
secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan Bank
Indonesia sebagai Bank Sentral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti
yang tertuang dalam UU RI No 23 tahun 1999 BAB III pasal 7 adalah untuk
mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan nilai rupiah. Adapun maksud dari kestabilan
rupiah adalah :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kestabilan rupiah terhadap barang dan jasa
yang dapat diukur dengan atau tercermin dari perkembangan laju inflasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kestabilan ni;ai rupiah terhadap mata uang
negara asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Secara
garis besar ada tiga tugas BI dalam rangka mencapai dan memelihara kestabilan
nilai rupiah antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan
moneter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem
pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur dan mengawasi bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikut ini
akan diuraikan tugas-tugas Bank Sentral seperti yang tertuang dalam UU RI No.
23 tahun 1999, yaitu :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan dan melaksanakan kebijakan
moneter.</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam rangka menetapkan dan
melaksanakan kebijakan moneter Bank Indonesia berwenang :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan sasaran moneter dengan
memeperhatikan sasaran laju inflasi yang ditetapkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan pengendalian moneter dengan
menggunakan cara-cara yang termasuk, tetapi tidak terlepas pada :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Operasi
pasar terbuka di pasar uang, baik mata uang rupiah maupun valas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penetepan
tingkat diskonto</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penetapan
cadangan wajib minimum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengaturan
kredit atau pembiayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan kredit atau pembiayaan
berdasarkan prinsip syariah, paling lama 90 (Sembilanm Puluh) hari kepada bank
untuk mengatasi kasulitan pandanaan jangka pendek bank yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melaksanakan kebijakan nilai tukar
berdasarkan sistem nilai tukar yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengelola cadangan devisa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyelengarakan survei secara berkala atau
sewaktu-waktu yang dapat bersifat makro dan mikro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam pasal 10 UU No. 23 tahun
1999, BI berwenang menetapkan sasaran-sasaran moneter yang memperhatikan
sasaran laju inflasi yang ditetapkannya serta melakukan pengendalian moneter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem
pembayaran</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam hal ini Bank Sentral
berwenang melaksanakan dan memberikan izin atau persetujuan atas
penyelenggaraan jasa sistem pembayaran, mewajibkan penyelenggara jasa sistem
pembayaran untuk menyampaikan laporan kegiatannya serta menetapkan penggunaan
alat pembayaran yaitu :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengaturan dan penyelengaraan kliring
serta penyelesaian akhir transaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengeluarkan dan mengedarkan uang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Disamping tugas diatas, Bank
Sentral juga berwenang :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyelenggarakan penyelesaian akhir
transaksi pembayaran antar bank </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan macam, harga, ciri uang yang
akan dikeluarkan, bahan yang digunakan dan tanggal mulai berlakunya sebagai
alat pembayaran yang sah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengeluarkan dan mengedarkan uang rupiah
serta mencabut dan menarik dan memusnahkan uang dari peredaran, termasuk
memberikan penggantian dengan nilai yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur dan mengawasi bank </span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam melaksanakan tugas ini,
Bank Sentral menetapkan peraturan, memberikan dan mencabut izin atas kelembagaan
dan atas izin usaha tertentu bank, melaksanakan pengawasan bank, serta
mengenakan sanksi terhadap bank (pasal 24)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam mengatur dan mengawasi
bank, Bank Sentral berwenang :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan ketentuan-ketentuan peerbankan
yang memuat prinsip-prinsip kehati-hatian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan dan mencabut izin usaha bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan izin pembukaan, penutupan, dan
pemindahan kantor bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan persetujuan atas kepemilikan
dan kepengurusan bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan izin kepada bank untuk
menjalankan kegiatan usaha tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mewajibkan bank untuk menyampaikan
laporan, keterangan dan penjelasan sesuai dengan tata cara yang ditetapkan Bank
Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap bank, baik
secara berkala maupun setiap waktu apabila diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memerintahkan bank untuk menghentikan
sementara sebagian / seluruh kegiatan transaksi tertentu apabila menurut
penilaian BI terhadap suatu transaksi petut diduga merupakan tindakan pidana di
bidang perbankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatur dan mengembangkan informasi antar
bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengambil tindakan suatu bank sebagaimana
yang diatur dalam Undang-undang tentang perbankan yang berlaku apabila menurut
penilaian Bank Indonesia dapat membahayakan kelangsungan usaha bank yang
bersangkutan dan atau membahayakan perekonomian Nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tugas mengawasi bank akan dilakukan oleh
lembaga pengawasan sektor jasa keuangan yang independen dan dibentuk dengan
Undang-undang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berkaitan dengan
kewenanngannya dalam pasal 26 UU No. 23 tahun 1999, Bank Indonesia dapat :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan dan mencabut izin usaha bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan izin pembukaan, penutupan dan
pemindahan kantor bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan atas persetujuan kepemilikan
dan kepengurusan bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BANK UMUM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengertian Bank Umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Umum
merupakan bank yang bertugas melayani seluruh jasa-jasa perbankan dan melayani
segenap lapisan masyarakat, baik masyarakat perorangan maupun lembaga-lembaga
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Umum
adalah bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional maupun berdasarkan
prinsip syari’ah yang dalam kegiatannya memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas
pembayaran. Sifat jasa yang diberikan adalah umum, dalam arti dapat memberikan
seluruh jasa perbankan yang ada.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegiatan-kegiatan Bank Umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
melaksanakan kegiatannya, bank umum lebih luas dari pada Bank Perkreditan
Rakyat (BPR), artinya produk yang ditawarkan oleh bank umum lebih beragam.
Adapun kegiatan-kegiatan bank umum antara lain :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menghimpun dana dari masyarakat (<i>Funding</i>)
dalam bentuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Simpanan Giro (<i>Demand Deposit</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Simpanan Tabungan (<i>Saving Deposit</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Simpanan Deposito (<i>Time Deposit</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyalurkan dana ke masyarakat (<i>Lending</i>)
dalam bentuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Investasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Modal kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Perdagangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan jasa-jasa bank lainnya (<i>Service</i>)
seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Transfer (kiriman uang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Inkaso (<i>Collection</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kliring (<i>Clearing</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Save Deposit Box</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Card</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Notes (<i>Valas</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Garansi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Referensi Bank</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Draft</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Letter of Kredit (L/C)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cek Wisata (<i>Travellers Cheque</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jual Beli Surat-surat berharga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menerima setoran-setoran seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Telepon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Pajak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Uang Kuliah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level5 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melayani Pembayaran-pembayaran seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gaji
/ Pensiunan / Honorium </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
deviden </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Kupon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level6 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembayaran
Bonus / Hadiah, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Disamping
tugas-tugas diatas, tugas Bank Umum yang lain adalah :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menerbitkan surat pengakuan utang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membeli, menjual dan menjamin atas resiko </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mencairkn agunan bagi nasabah yang tidak
memenuhi kewajibannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyediakan pembiayaan bagi nasabah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT (BPR)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengertian Bank Perkreditan rakyat (BPR)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank
Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) merupakan bank yang khusus melayani masyarakat kecil
di kecamatan dan pedesaan. Jenis produk yang ditawarkan oleh BPR relatif sempit
dibandingkan dengan Bank Umum, bahkan ada beberapa jenis bank yang tidak boleh
diselenggarakan oleh BPR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
Undang-undang No. 10 tahun 1999, Bank Perkreditan rakyat (BPR) adalah bank yang
melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional maupun berdasarkan prinsip
syari’ah yang dalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas
pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegiatan-kegiatan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat
(BPR)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada
mulanya tugas pokok BPR diarahkan untuk menunjang pertumbuhan dan modernisasi
ekonomi pedesaan. Dengan semakin berkembangnya kebutuhan masyarakat, tugas BPR
tidak hanya ditujukan bagi masyarakat pedesaan tetapi juga mencakup pemberian
jasa bagi masyarakat golongan ekonomi lemah didaerah perkotaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegiatan-kegiatan
BPR antara lain :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menghimpun dana dalam bentuk simpanan
tabungan dan simpanan deposito.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyalurkan dana dalam bentuk : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Investasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Modal Kerja </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kredit Perdagangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Drs.H.Malayu S.P.
Hasibuan dalam bukunya yang berjudul ” Dasar-dasar Perbankan” selain tugas
diatas, usaha yang dilakukan BPR adalah :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam
bentuk simpanan berupa giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito maupun
tabungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menyediakan pembiayaan bagi nasabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menempatkan dana dalam bentuk sertifikat
Bank Indonesia (SBI).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level4 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Usaha Yang Dilarang Bagi BPR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada beberapa usaha yang tidak
boleh dilakukan oleh Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR), seperti yang diungkapkan
oleh Kasmir, SE., MM., dalam buku karangannya ”Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan
Lainnya” yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menerima simpanan giro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengikuti kliring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan kegiatan valuta asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan kegiatan perasuransian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sedangkan menurut Drs.H.Malayu
S.P. Hasibuan, usaha-usaha yang dilarang bagi BPR meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menerima simpanan berupa giro dan ikut
serta dalam lalu lintas pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan kegiatan usaha dalam valuta
asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan penyertaan modal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melakukan usaha perasuransian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT SYARI’AH (BPRS)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut
Undang-undang Perbankan BAB III pasal 1, bank menurut jenisnya terdiri dari a).
Bank Umum b). Bank Perkreditan Rakyat. Lebih jauh lagi dalam pasal 13 butir c
menyatakan bahwa usaha-usaha BPR meliputi : menyediakan pembiayaan bagi nasabah
berdasarkan prinsip bagi hasil sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan dalam
peraturan pemerintah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam
mengembangkan BPRS, telah terbentuk suatu badan yang menyelenggarakan
pendidikan dan memberikan <i>Technical assistance</i> untuk BPRS, yaitu ISED (<i>Institude
for Syariah Economic Development</i>) dan yayasan Pendidikan Pengembangan Bank
Syari’ah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Produk-produk BPR Syari’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Secara
garis besar, produk BPR Syari’ah adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mobilisasi Dana Masyarakat, yaitu :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Simpanan Amanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabungan Wadi’ah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deposito Wadi’ah / Deposito Mudharabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penyaluran Dana Masyarakat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembiayaan Mudharabah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembiayaan Musyarakah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembiayaan Bai Bithaman Ajil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembiayaan Murabahah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembiayaan Qardhul Hasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jasa Perbankan Lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank secara bertahap akan
menyediakan jasa memperlancar pembayaran rekening listrik, pembayaran air,
telepon, transfer, angsuran KPR, dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Agar BPR
Syari’ah itu sehat, hendaknya :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memiliki likuiditas yang cukup sehingga
dapat memenuhi kewajiban jangka pendeknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memiliki solvabilitas yang baik artinya
dapat memenuhi kewajiban jangka panjangnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">memiliki rentabilitas yang baik, artinya
BPR itu dapat memperoleh keuntungan yang wajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beberapa
strategi yang diperlukan dalam menjalankan operasional BPR agar mendapatkan
sasaran nasabah yang tepat menurut Karnaen Perwaatmadja dan Antonio Syafi’i
adadlah :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk usaha bagi hasil BPR Syari’ah
sebaiknya mengadakan solitisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dipilih usaha yang waktu perputaran
uangnya pendek dengan mengutamakan usaha skala menengah dan kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengkaji pangsa pasar, tingkat kejenuhan,
serta persaingan dari produk yang akan dibiayai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sedangkan
menurut Zainul Arifin, dalam bukunya yang berjudul ”Memahami Bank Syari’ah”,
disebutkan bahwa strategi yang dapat dilakukan BPRS adalah sebagai berikut :<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Strategi peningkatan kwalitas aktive
produktif : Intensifikasi penagihan, revitalisasi pembiayaan (<i>reschedule,
restructure, & reconditioning</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Strategi penghimpunan dana (kamampuan
menjual / <i>selling skill</i>, kualitas pelayanan / <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>service excellent</i>, mempertajam fokus pasar).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Strategi penyaluran dana (target
pembiayaan, segmentasi pembiayaan, perangkat analisis pembiayaan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">strattegi efisiensi biaya (<i>Cost Cutting</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Strategi hubungan antarlembaga keuangan (komunikasi
antarlembaga).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari beberapa uraian diatas
maka dapat kami simpulkan bahwasanya antara Bank Sentral, Bank Umum, dan Bank
BPR memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya. Diantara
persamaan yang mereka miliki adalah bahwa mereka dapat menghimpun dana
masyarakat dan menyalurkannya kembali dalam betuk kredit atau pembiayaan.
Sedangkan mengenai perbedaanya adalah terletak pada posisi masing-masing bank,
perbedaan yang nampak dari ketiganya adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk Bank Sentral, kegiatan yang tidak
bisa dilakukan oleh bank-bank yang lain adalah menetapkan dan melaksanakan
kebijakan moneter, mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran, serta
mengatur dan mengawasi bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bank Umum memiliki kegiatan yang lebih
luas dibanding Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) terutama dalam bidang jasa / lalu
lintas pembayaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BPR memiliki kegiatan yang lebih sempit dibanding
Bank Umum, dalam hal ini BPR tidak diperkenankan untuk mengikuti kegiatan
kliring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Arifin,
Zainul, <i>Memahami bank Syari’ah lingkup, peluang, tantangan dan prospek,</i>
(Jakarta : ALVABET), 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasibuan,
Malayu S.P., <i>Dasar-dasar Perbankan</i>, (Jakarta : Bumi Aksara), 2005</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kasmir<i>,
Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan lainnya</i>, (Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada),
2002</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perwaatmadja,
Karnaen dan Antonio, Syafi’i, <i>Apa dan bagaimana Bank Islam</i>, (Yogyakarta
: Dana Bhakti Wakaf), 1992</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Kasmir,
SE, MM., <i>Bank dan Lembaga Keuangan lainnya</i>, (Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2002),
hal. 167</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b i
d , </i>hal. 30</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b i
d </i>, hal. 170</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b i
d</i>, hal. 171-173</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Drs.H.malayu S.P. Hasibuan, <i>Dasar-dasar Perbankan</i>, (Jakarta : Bumi Aksara, 2005), hal.34</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Op.
Cit</i>, hal. 172</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Loc
Cit</i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Drs.Malayu S.P. Hasibuan, <i>Op Cit</i>, hal. 34</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Kasmir,
SE, MM., <i>Op Cit</i>, hal. 33</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b
i d,</i> hal. 40-42</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Drs. H.
Malayu S.P hasibuan, <i>Op Cit</i>, hal. 37</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Kasmir,
SE, MM., <i>Op Cit</i>, hal. 42</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Drs.H.Malayu S.P Hasibuan, <i>Op Cit</i>, hal. 38</div>
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<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> Karnaen
Perwaatmadja dan Syafi’I Antonio, <i>Apa dan Bagaimana Bank Islam</i>,
(Yogyakarta : Dana Bhakti Wakaf, 1992), hal. 95</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b
i d</i>, hal. 104-107</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b
i d</i>, hal. 108</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>I b
i d</i>, hal. 109</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> Zainul
Arifin, <i>Memahami Bank Syari’ah lingkup, peluang, tantangan dan prospek</i>,
(Jakarta : ALVABET, 1999), hal. 138</div>
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</div>
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Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com3Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-51982166127545345032014-04-16T09:24:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.213-08:00Ijarah (Sewa- Menyewa)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Zainab Khairunnisa / 05.1202.0028</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Herniyanti / 03.1202.0008</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JURUSAN / PRODI
: SYARI’AH / MUAMALAH</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">(STAIN) SAMARINDA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Sebelum dijelaskan mengenai ijarah,
terlebih dahulu akan dikemukakan mengenai makna operasional ijarah itu sendiri.
Idris Ahmad dalam bukunya yang berjudul <i>Fiqh Syafi’I, </i>berpendapat bahwa
ijarah berarti upah-mengupah, hal ini terlihat ketika beliau menerangkan rukun
dan syarat upah-mengupah, <i>mu’jir</i> dan <i>musta’jir</i>, sedangkan
Kamaluddin A. Marzuki sebagai penerjemah <i>Fiqh Sunnah</i> karya Sayyid Sabiq
menjelaskan makna ijarah dengan sewa-menyewa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Dari dua buku tersebut ada perbedaan
terjemahan kata ijarah dari bahasa Arab ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, antara sewa
dan upah juga ada perbedaan makna operasional, sewa biasanya digunakan untuk
benda, sedangkan upah digunkan untuk tenaga. Namun dalam bahasa Arab ijarah
adalah sewa dan upah. Sehingga ketika kita melihat bagaimana aplikasi dari
ijarah itu sendiri dilapangan, maka kita bisa mendapati sebagai mana yang akan
dibasas dalam makalah ini. Yangmana diharapkan dengan hadirnya makalah ini
dapat memberikan masukan ilmu pengetahuan kepad kaum muslimin mengenai hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan sewa-menyewa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">1. Arti Ijarah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut etimologi, <i>ijarah</i>
adalah </span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>بيع المنفعة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">(menjual manfaat).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i>Ijarah </i>merupakan salah satu bentuk kegiatan muamalah dalam memenuhi
keperluan manusia, seperti sewa-menyewa, kontrak atau menjual jasa perhotelan
dan lain-lain.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>Demikian
pula artinya menurut terminologi syara’. Untuk lebih jelasnya, dibawah ini akan
dikemukakan beberapa definisi ijarah menurut pendapat beberapa ulama fiqih:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a. Ulama Hanafiyah:</span></div>
<h1 dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="AR-SA">عقد
على المنافع بعوض</span></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">“Akad atas suatu kemanfaatan dengan pengganti.”</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b. Ulama Asy-Syafi’iyah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">عقد على منفعة مقصودة معلومة مباحة قابلة للبذل والاءباحة بعوض
معلوم.</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">“Akad atas suatu kemanfaatan yang mengandung maksud tertentu dan
mubah, serta menerima pengganti atau kebolehan dengan pengganti tertentu.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">c. Ulama Malikiyah dan Hanabilah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">تمليك منافع شىء مباحة مدة معلومة بعوض.</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">“Menjadikan milik suatu kemanfaatan yang mubah dalam waktu tertentu
dengan pengganti.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada yang menterjemahkan, <i>ijarah</i>
sebagai jual beli jasa (upah-mengupah), yakni mengambil manfaat tenaga manusia,
ada pula yang menterjemahkan sewa-menyewa, yakni mengambil manfaat dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>barang. Jadi ijarah dapat dibagi menjadi dua
bagian, yaitu ijarah atas jasa dan ijarah atas benda.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumhur ulama fiqh
berpendapat bahwa ijarah adalah menjual manfaat dan yang boleh disewakan adalah
manfaatnya bukan bendanya. Oleh karena itu, mereka melarang menyewakan pohon
untuk diambil buahnya, domba untuk diambil susunya, sumur untuk diambil airnya,
dan lain-lain, sebab semua itu bukan manfaatnya, tetapi bendanya. Namun
sebagian ulama memperbolehkan mengambil upah mengajar Al-Qur’an dan ilmu
pengetahuan yang bersangkutan dengan agama, sekedar untuk memenuhi kaperluan
hidup, karena mengajar itu telah memakai waktu yang seharusnya dapat mereka
gunakan untuk pekerjaan mereka yang lain.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"></span><b><span lang="EN-US">2. Landasan Syara’ atau Dasar Hukum Ijarah.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hampir semua ulama
fiqh sepakat bahwa ijarah disyari’atkan dalam Islam. Namun ada sebagian yang
tidak menyepakati dengan alasan bahwa ijarah adalah jual-beli barang yang tidak
dapat dipegang (tidak ada). Sesuatu yang tidak ada tidak dapat dikategorikan
jual beli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam menjawab pandangan ulama yang tidak menyepakati
ijarah tersebut, Ibn Rusyd berpendapat bahwa kemanfaatan walaupun tidak
berbentuk, dapat dijadikan alat pembayaran menurut kebiasan (adat). Dan
mengenai hal ini dapat dikatakan bahwa meski tidak terdapat manfaat pada saat
terjadinya akad, tetapi pada dasarnya akan dapat dipenuhi. Sedang dari
manfaat-manfaat tersebut, hukum syara’ hanya memperhatikan apa yang ada pada
dasarnya yang akan dapat dipenuhi, atau adanya keseimbangan antara dapat dipenuhi
dan tidak dapat dipenuhi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Landasan ijarah menurut jumhur ulama adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a. Al-Qur’an</span></div>
<h1 dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="AR-SA">فان
ارضعن لكم فاتوهن اجورهن (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">الطلاق: 6</span><span lang="AR-SA">)</span></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">Jika mereka menyusukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(anak-anakmu)untukmu, maka berikanlah mereka upahnya.” </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(QS. Ath-Thalaq: 6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">b. As-Sunnah</span></div>
<h1 dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="AR-SA">اعطوا
الاجير اجره قبل ان يجف عرقه. (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">رواه ابن ماجه عن ابن عمر</span><span lang="AR-SA">)</span></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">“Berikanlah upah pekerja sebelum keringatnya kering.” </span></i><span lang="EN-US">(HR. Ibn Majah dari Ibn Umar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">c. Ijma’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Umat Islam pada
masa sahabat telah berijma’ bahwa <i>ijarah</i> dibolehkan sebab bermanfaat
bagi manusia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"></span><b><span lang="EN-US">3. Rukun Ijarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut ulama
Hanafiyah, rukun ijarah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu hanya satu,
yaitu ijab (ungkapan menyewakan) dan qabul (persetujuan terhadap sewa-menyewa),
antara lain dengan menggunakan kalimat: <i>al-ijarah, al-isti’jar, al-ikhtira’,
</i>dan<i> al-ikra.</i> Adapun menurut jumhur ulama mengatakan bahwa rukun <i>ijarah</i>
ada empat (4), yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">‘Aqid
(orang yang berakad)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Shighat
akad</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Ujrah
(upah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Manfaat<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Manfaat
yang berharga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Keadaan
manfaat dapat diberikan oleh yang mempersewakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Diketahui
kadarnya, dengan jangka waktu seperti menyewa rumah satu bulan atau satu tahun,
atau diketahui dengan pekerjaan, seperti menyewa mobil dari Jakarta
sampai ke Bogor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ulama Hanafiyah menyatakan bahwa orang yang berakad,
sewa/imbalan, dan manfaat, termasuk syarat-syarat ijarah, bukan rukunnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">4. Syarat-Syarat Ijarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Sebagai sebuah transaksi umum,
ijarah dianggap sah apabila telah memenuhi rukun dan syaratnya, sebagaimana
yang berlaku secara umum dalam transaksi lainnya. Adapun syarat-syarat ijarah
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Muta’aqidain
(kedua orang yang berakad). <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Menurut ulama Syafi’iyah dan
Hanabilah: baligh dan berakal.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Menurut ulama Hanafiyah dan
Malikiyah: tidak harus mencapai baligh, anak yang telah mumayyiz pun boleh
melakukan akad ijarah dan dianggap sah apabila disetujui oleh walinya.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Kedua
belah pihak yang berakad menyatakan kerelaan untuk melakukan akad ijarah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Manfaat
yang menjadi obyek ijarah harus diketahui secara sempurna, sehingga tidak
muncul perselisihan dikemudian hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Obyek
ijarah boleh diserahkan dan dipergunakan secara langsung dan tidak bercacat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Obyek
ijarah adalah sesuatu yang dihalalkan oleh syara’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Yang
disewakan adalah bukan suatu kewajiban bagi penyewa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Objek
ijarah itu merupakan sesuatu yang biasa disewakan, seperti rumah, mobil, dan
hewan tunggangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Upah/sewa
dalam akad ijarah harus jelas, tertentu dan sesuatu yang bernilai harta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Ulama
Hanafiyah mengatakan sewa/upah itu tidak sejenis dengan manfaat yang disewa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">5. Sifat Ijarah </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Para</span><span lang="EN-US"> ulama fiqh
berbeda pendapat tentang sifat ijarah, apakah bersifat mengikat kedua belah
pihak atau tidak. Ulama Hanafiyah berpendirian bahwa akad ijarah itu mengikat,
tetapi boleh dibatalkan secara sepihak apabila terdapat uzur dari salah satu
pihak yang berakad, seperti salah satu pihak wafat atau kehilangan kecakapan
bertindak hukum. Akan tetapi, jumhur ulama mengatakan bahwa akad ijarah itu
bersifat mengikat, kecuali ada cacat atau barang itu tidak boleh dimanfaatkan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Akibat perbedaan pendapat ini terlihat dalam kasus apabil;a salah seorang
meninggal dunia, maka akad ijarah batal, karena manfaat tidak boleh diwariskan.
Akan tetapi, jumhur ulama mengatakan bahwa manfaat itu boleh diwariskan karena
termasuk harta (al-mal). Oleh sebab itu, kematian salah satu pihak yang berakad
tidak membatalakn akad ijarah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">6. Hukum Ijarah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></b></span></span></span></a> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Hukum ijarah shahih adalah tetapnya kemanfaatan bagi penyewa, dan
tetapnya upah bagi pekerja atau orang yang menyewakan <i>ma’qud ‘alaih</i>,
sebab ijarah termasuk jual beli pertukaran, hanya saja dengan kemanfaatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun hukum ijarah
rusak, menerut ulama Hanafiyah, jika penyewa telah mendapatkan manfaat tetapi
orang yang menyewakan atau yang bekerja dibayar lebih kecil dari kesepakatan
pada waktu akad. Ini bila kerusakan tersebut terjadi pada syarat. Akan tetapi,
jika kerusakan disebabkan penyewa tidak memberitahukan jenis pekerjaan
perjanjiannya, upah harus diberikan semestinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jafar dan ulama Syafi’iyah berpendapat bahwa ijarah <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fasid</i> sama dengan jual beli fasid, yakni
harus dibayar sesuai dengan nilai atau ukuran yang dicapai oleh barang sewaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">7. Macam-Macam Ijarah</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ijarah terbagi
menjadi dua bagian, yaitu:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ijarah
yang bersifat manfaat,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> umpamanya adalah
sewa-menyewa rumah, toko, kendaraan, pakaian, dan pehiasan. Apabila manfaat itu
merupakan manfaat yang dibolehkan syara’ untuk dipergunakan, maka para ulama
sepakat menyatakan boleh dijadikan objek sewa-menyewa, jadi penyewaan
barang-barang tersebut tergantung pada kemanfaatannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ijarah
yang bersifat pekerjaan (jasa)</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> ialah dengan cara
mempekerjakan seseorang untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Menurut para ulama
ijarah ini hukumnya boleh apabila pekerjaan itu jelas, seperti buruh bangunan,
tukang jahit, buruh pabrik, tukang sepatu dan lain-lain. Ijarah ini ada yang
bersifat <i>pribadi </i>seperti menggaji pembantu rumah tangga, dan ada yang
bersifat <i>serikat</i>, yaitu seseorang atau sekelompok orang yang menjual
jasanya untuk kepentingan orang banyak, seperti tukang sepatu, tukang jahit dan
lain-lain. Kedua bentuk ijarah ini menurut para ulama fiqh hukumnya boleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> 8. Perbedaan Diantara Yang Akad</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Seringkali terjadi perbedaan pendapat diantara kedua pihak yang
melakukan akad (sewa-menyewa) tentang jumlah upah yang harus diterima atau
diberikan padahal ijarah dikategorikan shahih, baik sebelum jasa diberikan
maupun sesudah jasa diberikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila terjadi
perbedaan sebelum diterimanya jasa, keduanya harus bersumpah, sebagaimana
disebutkan pada hadist Rasulullah s.a.w.: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">اذا اختلف المتبايعان تحالفا وترادا. (</span><span lang="AR-SA">رواه
اصحاب السنن الاربعة واحمد والشافع</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;">)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">“Jika terjadi perbedaan di antar orang yang berjual beli, keduanya
harus saling bersumpah dan mengembalikan.”</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> (HR.
Ashab Sunan Al-Arba’ah, Ahmad, dan Imam Syafi’I)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hadist tersebut
meskipun berkaitan dengan jual-beli, juga relevan dengan ijarah. Dengan
demikian, jika keduanya bersumpah, ijarah menjadi batal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><b><span lang="EN-US">9. Berakhirnya Akad ijarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Para
ulama fiqh menyatakan bahwa akad ijarah akan berakhir apabila:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Tenggang
waktu yang disepakati dalam akad ijarah telah berakhir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Menurut
ulama Hanafiyah, wafatnya seorang yang berakad, karena kad ijarah, menurut
mereka, tidak boleh diwariskan. Sedangkan menurut jumhur ulama, akad
ijarahtidak batal dengan wafatnya salah seorang berakad, karena manfaat,
menurut mereka, boleh diwariskan dan ijaraha sama denganjual beli, yaitu
mengikat kedua belah pihak yang berakad.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Objek
hilang atau musnah, seperti rumah terbakar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Menurut
ulama Hanafiyah, apabila ada uzur dari salah satu pihak, seperti rumah yang
disewakan disita negara karena terkait utang yang banyak, maka akad iajarah
batal. Uzur-uzur yang dapat membatalkan akad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ijarah itu, menurut ulama Hanafiyah adalah salah satu pihak jatuh
muflis, dan berpindah tempatnya penyewa, misalnya, seorang digaji untuk
menggali sumur disuatu desa, sebelum sumur itu selesai, penduduk desa itu
pindah kedesa lain. Akan tetapi, menurut jumhur ulama, uzur yamng boleh
mebatalkan akad ijarah itu hanyalah apabila objeknya mengandung cacat atau
manfaatnya yang dituju dalam akad itu hilang, seperti kebakaran dan dilanda
banjir.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dari penjelasan dan
pemaparan ijarah diatas baik itu definisi, syarat dan rukun-rukunnya dapat
disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span lang="EN-US">Ijarah adalah salah satu bentuk kegiatan
muamalah dalam memenuhi keperluan manusia, seperti sewa-menyewa, kontrak atau
menjual jasa perhotelan dan lain-lain dengan ada imbalannya atau upahnya.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US">Dalam
memaknai ijarah itu sendiri banyak perbedaan-perbedaan pendapat dikalangan para
ulama. Namun intinya mereka menyetujui adanya ijarah setelah memenuhi
ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh masing-masing para ulama,
sehingga meskipun terjadi perbedaan didalamnya selalu ada pemecahan persoalan
terhadap permasalahan-permasalan yang timbul dikarenakan hal-hal yang terkait
dengan ijarah itu sendiri.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Moh. Zuhri, <i>Terjemah Fiqh Empat
Madzhab</i>, Semarang:
Asy-Syifa, 1993</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulaiman Rasjid, <i>Fiqh Islam (Hukum Fiqh Lengkap)</i>,
Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensido, 1994</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibnu Rusyd, <i>Tarjamah Bidayatu’l Mujtahid</i>, Semarang:
Asy-Syifa, 1990</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rachmat Syafe’I, <i>Fiqih Muamalah</i>, Bandung: Pustaka
Setia, 2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasrun Haroen, <i>Fiqh Muamalah</i>, Jakarta: Gaya media
Pratama, 2000 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhendi, Hendi, <i>Fiqh Muamalah</i>, Jakarta: PT Raja
Grafindo Persada, 2002</span></div>
<div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Karim, Helmi, <i>Fiqh Muamalah</i>, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo
Persada, 1997</span><br clear="all" />
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Rachmat Syafe’I, <i>Fiqih Muamalah</i>, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2004), h.121</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nasrun Haroen, <i>Fiqh Muamalah</i>, (Jakarta:
Gaya media
Pratama, 2000), h.228<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Sulaiman Rasjid, <i>Fiqh Islam (Hukum Fiqh Lengkap)</i>, (Bandung:
Sinar Baru Algensido, 1994), h.304</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibnu Rusyd, <i>Tarjamah Bidayatu’l Mujtahid</i>, (Semarang:
Asy-Syifa, 1990), h. 196</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Sulaiman Rasjid, <i>Ibid</i>, h.304</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nasrun Haroen, <i>Op.Cit, </i>h.231</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nasrun Haroen, <i>Op.Cit</i>, h.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Rachmat Syafe’I, <i>OP.Cit</i>, h. 130</span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Rachmat Syafe’I, <i>OP.Cit</i>, h. 131</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7539647778483048492#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Moh. Zuhri, <i>Terjemah Fiqh Empat Madzhab</i>, (Semarang:
Asy-Syifa, 1993), h.169-170</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-18885097136027430132014-04-15T02:53:00.001-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.251-08:00Membangun Percaya Diri Pada Remaja<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]-->Terima Kasih Telah Mengunjugi Juragan Makalah, Berikut Ini Adalah Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan Dengan Judul Makalah Membangun Percaya Diri Pada Remaja, Dengan Pembahasan Bab II : Kenali Diri Anda Dahulu, Konsep Diri Pada Remaja, Bab III : Percayai Diri Sendiri, Kekuatan Dalam Diri Manusia, Melihat Diri Sendiri, Bab IV : Latihlah Kebiasaan, Kebiasaann Remaja Yang Efektif, Kebiasaan Remaja Yang Tidak Efektif. Semoga Bermanfaat, Yakin Usaha Sampai.<br />
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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
orang yang menghindar dari belajar cara mengeluarkan potensi tak terbatas
seseorang. Mengenali diri, mempercayai diri, menetapkan sasaran, menguasai
hidup dan menggunakan tujuan seseorang. Atau juga banyak orang yang mempunyai
bakat dan potensi, tetapi belum mampu untuk menggali potensi atau bakat itu
sendiri karena tidak ada rasa percaya diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
percaya diri kita juga bisa mengenali kebiasaan-kebiasaan remaja yang efektif
atau yang sering dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kebanyakan
kebiasaan-kebiasaan remaja sekarang ada yang efektif dan ada pula yang tidak
efektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
latar belakang masalah di atas, penulis mencoba untuk menjelaskan permasalahan
di atas, agar pembaca bisa memahami dan mengambil kesimpulan dari bacaan
tersebut dengan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenali
diri anda terlebih dahulu</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percayalah
pada diri sendiri</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihlah
kebiasaanmu</span></div>
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</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenali Diri Anda Terlebih Dahulu</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Betapa penting untuk mengetahui siapa kita. Tampak seperti
titik awal yang baik, bukan? Bagaimanapun juga, bagaimana Anda dapat berharap
memahami orang lain jika Anda sendiri tidak mengerti diri Anda? Bagaimana Anda
dapat respek kepada orang lain jika Anda tidak respek kepada diri sendiri? <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar respek kepada diri sendiri adalah
pengendalian diri dan ini dimulai dengan memahami diri sendiri.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi,
siapa Anda? Jika nama Anda harus dimasukan dalam sebuah kamus bagaimana Anda
akan mendefinisikan diri Anda? Berhentilah sejenak dan pikirkan itu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekarang, jangan panik
dan katakan: “astaga”, saya bahkan tidak tahu siapa saya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sekarang.</i> Karena saya dapat mengatakan kepada Anda bahwa Anda <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pasti</i> tahu siapa diri Anda, Anda dapat
member jawaban yang benar jika Anda memikirkannya. Gunakan beberapa menit unutk
menulis apa saja yang terlintas di kepala Anda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita
dapat menentukan identitas kita dengan menilai tindakan-tindakan kita sendiri,
tetapi kita harus sadar akan apa yang akan kita lakukan dan yang saya maksudkan
itu ialah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">waspada</i> akan apa yang akan
kita lakukan. Hanya dengan mempelajari diri dan mengamati diri kita dapat
disadarkan bahwa kita ini sebenarnya tidak waspada. Ini tidak selalu mudah
sebagaimana Robbie Burns dengan jitu mengungkapkannya: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“ Saya mendambakan kuasa yang akan diberikan karunia kepada kita, untuk
melihat diri kita sebagaimana orang lain melihat kita.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagasan
yang ingin disampaikan penulis kepada Anda adalah bahwa manusia sebagai satu
spesies, bukanlah suatu makhluk yang lengkap. Masing-masing harus belajar
mengembangkan lebiih lanjut dengan upaya mereka sendiri, jika tidak maka mereka
kehilangan kapasitas untuk berkembang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkembang
atau berevolusi dalam hal ini berarti pengembangan kualitas-kualitas batin.
Evolusi individual kita bergantung pada pengertian kita berkenaan kita dapat
menjadi apa dan apa yang harus kita lakukan untuk mencapai ini. Kebenaran dari
hal ini adalah bahwa sebelum kita dapat memperoleh kemampuan yang tidak kita
miliki kita harus pertama-tama memperoleh kemampuan yang kita pikir kita
miliki. Ini merupakan hal penting, kita harus pertama-tama memperoleh
kualitas-kualitas yang kita pikir kita miliki, tetapi yang mengenainya kita
menipu diri sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
diri memungkinkan kita mengetahui batas-batas kita dan menemukan potensi kita
sendiri. Tidaklah mungkin untuk mengetahui diri kita dengan benar tanpa
mengetahui cacat dan kekurangan kita. Hanya dengan evaluasi diri kita dapat
menetapkan kepada apa kita berpihak dan nilai-nilai ini menciptakan dasar bagi
konsep diri.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
diri terbentuk dari tiga bagian kritis dan ini adalah cita-cita diri, citra
diri, dan harga diri. Cukup sederhana cita-cita diri adalah pribadi yang sangat
Anda inginkan terjadi. Ini adalah gagasan Anda tentang apa yang disebut seorang
yang berhasil. Citra diri Anda adalah cara Anda melihat diri Anda dan paling
penting bagaimana Anda berpikir tentang diri Anda. Ini bagaikan sebuah cermin
batin, ini adalah yang Anda rasakan mengenai diri Anda sekarang dan citra diri
Anda mungkin masih didasarkan pada persepsi orang lain mengenai Anda. Tahukah
Anda bahwa kesuksesan berawal ketika Anda mulai menolak citra orang lain
tentang Anda?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada seorang anak laki-laki muda yang tinggal dengan neneknya
sejak ia baru berusia beberapa tahun. Ia tidak mempunyai keyakinan diri,
seakan-akan citra dirinya menghancurkannya. Orang lain merasakan ia memiliki
sedikit keyakinan, khususnya orang yang suka mengganggu di sekolah yang
menderanya lebih hebat daripada yang mungkin ia seharusnya lakukan. Anak muda
itu menyerang pengganggu tersebut dan memukulnya hingga jatuh ke tanah. Itu
terjadi sekitar tahun 1670 dan kisah ini bukanlah untuk mengilustrasikan
mengapa ia menyerang, ini lebih memperlihatkan apa yang terjadi setelah ia
menyerang. Dalam beberapa menit anak laki-laki itu mempunyai citra diri yang
baru. Dalam beberapa minggu ia menjadi kepala kelas dan pada masa berikutnya ia
menjadi kepala di sekolahnya. Beberapa tahun kemudian ia diberi gelar bangsawan
dan menjadi Sir Isaac Newton, penemu salah satu hukum universal terpenting.
Penulis mengatakan bukan hanya dalam perasaan fisik Newton menerpakannya.
Tingkat-tingkat lainnya membentuk salah satu dasar dari buku ini, yang dengan
itu pengertian akan prinsip-prinsipnya akan membuat Anda tidak dapat
dihentikan, jika diterapkan dengan benar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga diri Anda, bagian ketiga dari konsep diri. Merupakan
perasan Anda tentang diri Anda. Ini soal seberapa besar Anda menyukai diri Anda
sebagai orang tua, bos, karyawan, suatu pribadi. Ini langsung menentukan
keefektifan Anda dalam segala bidang kehidupan. Untung, konsep diri dapat
ditempa dan karena itu harga diri dapat dibangun. Definisi terbaik harga diri
adalah seberapa besar Anda menyukai diri Anda dan itu karenanya dapat
ditingkatkan dengan mengatakan kepada diri Anda seberapa besar Anda menyukai
diri Anda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anda segera belajar seperti halnya seorang anak bahwa
menyukai atau bahkan mengasihi diri sendiri, yang merupakan hal paling alamiah
untuk dilakukan pada waktu di dunia adalah bersifat mementingkan diri dan
congkak. Anak-anak melihat diri mereka sebagai orang-orang kecil yang sangat
penting namun menjelang masa dewasa semua teguran serta pesan yang bermaksud
baik dalam masyarakat telah berurat dan berakar dengan kuat. Keraguan diri
berkembang penuh dan penguatan berlanjut seraya tahun-tahun berlalu.
Bagaimanapun juga apa yang akan orang lain pikirkan tentang Anda jika Anda hanya
mengasihi diri Anda!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anda harus memahami peranan vital yang dimainkan oleh citra
diri Anda dalam pencapaian kesuksesan. Terlalu banyak kontak pendek pada
peluang-peluang untuk sukses bila memiliki citra diri yang rendah, membatasi
persepsi mereka tentang apa yang dapat mereka lakukan dengan batasn-batasan
yang mereka bebankan sendiri akibat kondisi yang ada.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemikiran Untuk Ditaburkan:</span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika Anda mengerti a</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tau menerim</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a diri sendiri, bagaimana Anda dapat
mengharapkan orang lain </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> mengerti atau menerima Anda.<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Masa lalu Anda tidak sama dengan masa depan Anda kecuali jika Anda
memilih untuk </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> membiarkan itu terjadi dengan terus menghidupkannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika Anda tidak membuat kesalahan, Anda tidak berkembang. Belajarlah dan
terus bergerak maju.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap Anda lebih penting daripada intelijensi atau fakta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anda dapat melakukannya bila Anda percaya Anda dapat, hanya dengan
demikianlah Anda akan </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> melihat bahwa Anda benar.</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangatlah
penting bahwa melalui pemahaman diri, penerimaan diri, dan perencanaan dalam
hidup Anda. Anda mendorong emosi-emosi positif sehingga menjadi pemikiran yang
mendominasi dalam pikiran Anda dan tentu mengecilkan dan menghilangkan
emosi-emosi negative. Bila Anda percaya bahwa suatu sikap itu kuat dan positif,
maka Anda benar-benar akan tampak mengendalikan kondisi Anda dan membuat
keadaan mendukung Anda, bukan merugikan Anda. Kepercyaan Anda merupakan salah
satu hal yang paling berharga yang Anda miliki, maka jangan biarkan orang-orang
yang mempunyai sedikit kepercayaan atau tidak sama sekali mencoba menyesatkan
Anda. Jika Anda mendengarkan mereka, Anda akan menjalani kehidupan mereka dan
bukan kehidupan Anda sendiri. Mayoritas orang tidak menaruh banyak iman kepada
kepercayaan/keyakinan, dan itulah sebabnya hanya suatu persentase kecil dari
setiap generasi yang sepenuhnya menempuh kehidupan yang sudah mereka pilih
sendiri. Sebagaimana Frank Lloyd Wright katakana: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“sesuatu selalu terjadi kalau Anda benar-benar mempercayainya, dan
kepercayaan akan hal itu membuatnya terjadi”.</i> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percayalah Pada Diri Sendiri</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekuatan Dalam Diri Anda</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidak
percayaan pasti berjalan beriringan dengan kegagalan untuk mencapai. Begitu
banyak orang yang bahkan tidak tahu apa yang mereka inginkan dan mereka percaya
bahwa mereka harus menerima kehidupan sebagaimana adanya. Mereka yang memang
memiliki kecenderungan pada apa yang mereka inginkan, percaya bahwa mereka
tadak pantas mendapatkannya. Telah dikatakan berkali-kali bahwa apa pun yang
dapat dipahami dan dipercayai oleh pikiran manusia dapat tercapai. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unsur utama ntuk sukses adalah benar-benar
mempercayai, dan kesuksesan sejati dimulai dengan mempercayai diri sendiri.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengharapkan Bukan Mempercayai</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
hari di setiap lokasi ada orang-orang muda yang memulai karier baru. Mereka
semua berharap bahwa suatu hari mereka akan mendapatkan apa yang mereka
inginkan, apa pun itu, dan mencapai puncak. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak pernah
melakukannya karena ketidakyakinan yang mereka bawa menciptakan suatu
penghalang, menyembunyikan dari pandangan jalur yang hanya dapat kelihatan bila
disertai dengan keyakinan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap
mereka adalah sikap orang rata-rata. Namun praktik pengutukan diri ini begitu
tidak masuk akal, setengah dari populasi ada di atas rata-rata. Tetapi, suatu
persentasi kecil dari setiap generasi benar-benar percaya bahwa mereka akan
sukses dan dengan keyakinan itu mereka sanggup meraih puncak. Bila mereka
mendefinisikan dengan tepat apa yang mereka inginkan, itu menjadi sesuatu yang
tidak dapat dihentikan lagi. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fakta bahwa
Anda sedang membaca makalah ini sebenarnya menempatkan Anda dalam persentase
orang yang dapat mencapai apa pun yang mereka percayai. </b>Keyakinan dapat
membawa Anda jauh. Itu dapat membuat Anda melakukan sesuatu yang tampaknya
tidak mungkin. Akan tetapi, sering kali yang menjadi balok sandungan adalah
ketidaktahuan akan apa yang Anda inginkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu-
satunya pertanyaan adalah apakah Anda akan memenuhi tujuan duniawi atau apakah
Anda akan seperti yang dilakukan mayoritas orang, masuk kubur dengan musik <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">masih ada dalam diri Anda, tidak sanggup memimpin
simfoni kesuksesan Anda sendiri dengan tidak mempercayai bahwa Anda dapat
menjadi suatu yang Anda inginkan, melakukan apa yang Anda inginkan dan
mempunyai apa yang Anda inginkan?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ini
merupakan salah satu pertanyaan paling penting dalam kehidupan Anda. Apakah
Anda akan mewujudkan potensi Anda dan menjadi segala sesuatuyang sanggup Anda
capai? Kebanyakan orang tidak akan melakukan itu. Melalui evaluasi diri Anda
akan memulai menetapkan nilai-nilai Anda, atau apa yang penting bagi Anda. Apa
yang Anda inginkan dan sasaran-sasaran yang Anda tetapkan untuk mencapai apa
yang Anda inginkan, ditekankan oleh suatu sistem nilai. Menetapkan nilai-nilai
jauh di muka mempengaruhi pilihan yang harus Anda buat dalam kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Melihat Diri Sendiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sewaktu meningkatkan diri sendiri Anda harus melihat diri
Anda sudah memiliki ciri serta kualitas yang ingin Anda peroleh. Pemikiran
selalu datang sebelum tindakan. Sebelum kita dapat menjadi, kita harus menjadi,
dan sebelum kita dapat menjadi kita harus sanggup membuat visualisasi dari apa yang
kita inginkan, gol-gol serta hasil-hasil kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lakukan latihan berikut ini: bayangkan diri Anda dalam sebuah
gedung bioskop. Jadikanlah itu tempat yang nyaman, rileks. Apa yang Anda
perhatikan di sekeliling Anda? Amati rinciannya. Apa warna dinding, langit-langit,
tempat duduk, dan tirainya? Tirai terbuka dan layar bersinar dengan gambar
seorang yang benar-benar Anda sukai. Buatlah gambar itu lebih besar dan lebih
dekat dengan Anda. Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan dalam perasaan Anda. Buatlah
gambar itu lebih kecil dan lebih jauh. Buatlah itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak kelihatan pada jarak yang jauh dan
kemudian kelihatan lain. Sekali lagi perhatikan bagaimana perasaan Anda
berubah. Buatlah gambar keluar dari fokus semakin jauh, kemudian kembalikan itu
ke fokusnya yang tajam. Buatlah itu hitam putih. Dan kemudian dalam kaya warna.
Bereksperimenlah dan perhatikan persaan Anda. Semakin jelas dan hidup serta
berwarna citra Anda semakin kuat juga perasaan Anda. Semakin lemah, semakin
kecil dan semakin jauh citranya, semakin lemah juga perasaan Anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Visualisasi sangat
penting bagi kesuksesan Anda dan merupakan salah satu alasan utama kita
mempunyai imajinasi.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> Itu ada bukan untuk membuat kita takut sepanjang waktu,
dipenuhi dengan kekhawatiran, keraguan, dan ketakutan. Itu berguna untuk
melompat ke masa depan, membantu kita dalam menjadi apa yang kita inginkan dan
menggunakan potensi kita. Gunakan itu, jangan salah gunakan itu.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Latihlah Kebiasaanmu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Siapakah
aku?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Aku adalah teman tetapmu. Aku adalah penolongmu yang terbesar
atau bebanmu yang terberat. Aku akan mendorongmu maju atau menyeretmu menuju
kegagalan. Aku sepenuhnya tunduk kepada perintahmu. Sebagian hal yang kulakukan
mungkin sebaiknya kamu serahkan saja kepadaku, maka aku akan dapat melakukannya
dengan cepat dan tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Aku mudah diatur, kamu tinggal tegas terhadapku. Tunjukkan
kepadaku, bagaimana persisnya kamu ingin sesuatu itu dilaksanakan dan setelah
bebarapa kali belajar aku akan melakukannya dengan otomatis. Aku adalah hamba
dari semua insan besar, dan sayangnya juga hamba dari semua pecundang. Mereka
yang besar, telah kujadikan besar. Mereka yang gagal, telah kujadikan
pecundang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Aku bukan mesin, walaupun aku bekerja dengan ketepatan
seperti mesin ditambah intelejensi manusia. Kamu bisa menjalankan aku demi
keuntungan atau demi kehancuran, tak ada bedanya bagiku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ambillah aku,
latihlah aku, tegaslah terhadapku, maka aku akan meletakkan dunia di kakimu.
Kendorlah terhadapku, maka aku akan menghancurkanmu.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dan yang menjadi pertanyaan,</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">siapakah aku? Dan jawabnya, aku adalah
“kebiasaan”.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Oleh karena itu, latihlah kebiasaanmu. Kebiasaanmu akan
menjadikanmu sukses atau akan menghancurkanmu. Ada sebuah kata-kata dari
pujangga Inggris yang mengatakan, “mula-mula, kita membentuk kebiasaan kita.
Lama kelamaan, kebiasaan itulah yang akan membentuk kita.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7 Kebiasaan Remaja Yang efektif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jadilah Proaktif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bertanggung jawablah atas hidupmu sendiri.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Merujuk Pada Tujuan Akhir atau Mulailah dengan
Mengingat-ingat Tujuan Akhirmu.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Definisikanlah misi dan sasaran hidupmu.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dahulukan yang Utama</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Susunlah prioritas dan dahulukanlah hal-hal
yang penting.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Berpikir Menang dan menang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bersikaplah agar orang bisa menang.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Berusaha Memahami Terlebih Dahulu, Baru Dipahami</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jadilah pendengar yang baik, yang tulus.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Wujudkan Sinergi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bekerjasamalah agar mencapai hasil lebih
baik.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Asahlah Gergaji</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Perbaharuilah dirimu secara berk</b></span></i><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">ala.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> Seperti yang tampak pada diagram di atas, kebiasaan-kebiasaan
kita berdiri di atas satu sama lain. Kebiasaan 1, 2, dan 3 adalah menyangkut
penguasaan diri. Kita menyebutnya “kemenangan pribadi”. Kebiasaan 4, 5, dan 6
adalah hubungan-hubungan serta kerjasama. Kita menyebutnya “kemenangan publik”.
Pembaca harus dapat menguasai diri sebelum menjadi pemain tim yang baik. Itulah
sebabnya, kemenangan pribadi mendahului kemenangan publik. Kebiasaan terakhir,
yang nomor 7, adalah kebiasaan pembaharuan. Kebiasaan inilah yang menguatkan
enam kebiasaan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tampaknya sederhana bukan? Tetapi lihat saja nanti, betapa
berpengaruhnya kebiasaan-kebiasaan ini! Salah satu cara unutk memahami ketujuh
kebiasaan ini adalah dengan memahami yang kebalikannya.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7 Kebiasaan Remaja yang Tidak Efektif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b>Kebiasaan
1: </b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bersikaplah Reaktif</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Silahkan salahkan segala masalahmu pada orangtuamu, guru atau
dosenmu, lingkunganmu yang sialan, pacarmu, pemerintah atau apalah atau
siapalah. Anggaplah dirimu Cuma korban. Tidak usah bertanggung jawab atas
hidupmu sendiri. Bersikaplah seperti binatang, kalau lapar makan. Kalau
seseorang membentakmu, balas bentak. Kalau kamu ingin melakukan sesuatu yang kamu
tahu keliru, lakukan saja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b>Kebiasaan
2: </b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tidak Usah Punya Tujuan Akhir</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tidak usah punya rencana. Sebisa mungkin, hindarilah
sasaran-sasaran. Dan jangan pernah mikirin hari esok. Untuk apa memikirkan
ganjaran-ganjaran dari perbuatanmu? Hiduplah untuk saat ini. Tidurlah sesukamu,
sia-siakanlah waktumu, silahkan berpoya-poya, karena besok juga kita akan mati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b> Kebiasaan
3: </b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lupakan Yang Utama</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Apapun yang paling penting dalam hidupmu, tidak usah kamu
kerjakan sampai kamu puas nonton film yang pernah kamu tonton, ngobrol tiada
habis-habisnya di telpon, lihat-lihat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>internet, dan mejeng. Tundalah PR mu sampai besok. Kerjakan yang tidak
penting dulu ketimbang yang penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b> Kebiasaan
4: </b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Usahakanlah Untuk Selalu Menang</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pandanglah hidup ini sebagai persaingan yang kejam. Teman
sekelasmu ingin mengalahkanmu, maka sebaiknya kamu kalahkan dia dulu. Jangan
biarkan siapapun sukses dalam apapun. Karena, ingatlah kalau mereka menang,
kamu yang kalah. Tetapi kalau kelihatannya kamu akan kalah, seretlah dia itu
supaya jatuh sekalian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Kebiasaan 5: </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>U</b><b>sahakanlah untuk Bicara dulu, Lalu
Pura-pura Mendengarkan</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kamu
kan dilahirkan dengan mulut, jadi pakailah. Pastikanlah kamu banyak bicara.
Ungkapkanlah pandanganmu dulu. Begitu kamu yakin semua orang mengerti
pandanganmu. Pura-puralah mendengarkan dengan mengangguk-angguk dan menjawab,
“gitu ya”. Atau kalau kamu sungguh ingin mendengar pandangan mereka, bilang
saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Kebiasaan 6: </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J<b>angan Bekerjasama</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadapilah
kenyataan, orang lain itu aneh kan karena mereka beda darimu. Untuk apa
berusaha akur dengan mereka? Kerjasama kan hanya berlaku untuk anjing. Karena
kamu kan yang selalu punya gagasan terbaik, lebih baik mengerjakan segalanya
sendirian, ibarat pulau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Kebiasaan 7: </b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mati-matianlah Walaupun Kamu Sudah Kelelahan</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sibukkanlah
dirimu sedemikian rupa sehingga kamu tidak pernah meluangkan waktu untuk
memperbaharui atau memperbaiki dirimu. Tidak usah belajar sesuatu yang baru.
Hindarilah olahraga seperti penyakit. Dan demi sorga nih, jauhkanlah dirimu
dari buku-buku yang baik atau dari apapun yang mungkin bisa memberikan
inspirasi kepadamu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti
yang pembaca lihat, kebiasaan-kebiasaan ini kan resep untuk mendapatkan
bencana. Tetapi banyak lho yang bergelimang di dalamnya, secara berkala. Dan
jangan heran kalau terkadang hidup ini menyebalkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
sih persisnya kebiasaan itu? Kebiasaan adalah hal-hal yang kita lakukan
berulang-ulang. Tetapi kebanyakan kita tidak sadar akan kebiasaan kita. Mereka
seperti berjalan sendiri. Ada kebiasaan baik seperti olahraga teratur, selalu
membuat rencana terlebih dahulu, hormat kepada orang lain. Ada kebiasaan buruk
seperti berpikir negatif, merasa rendah diri, menyalahkan orang lain. Dan ada
kebiasaan yang sama sekali tidak relevan, termasuk mandi malam-malam, makan
yogurt dengan garpu, baca majalah dari belakang ke depan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tergantung
kebiasaan apa, kita bisa sukses atau hancur gara-gara kebiasaan kita. Kita
menjadi apa yang berulang-ulang kita lakukan. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh
penulis Samuel Smiles: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Taburkanlah suatu
pikiran, maka kamu akan menuai perbuatan. Taburkanlah suatu perbuatan, maka
kamu akan menuai kebiasaan. Taburkanlah suatu kebiasaan, maka kamu akan menuai
karakter. Taburkanlah suatu karakter, maka kamu akan menuai takdir.</i> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
utama untuk sukses adalah benar-benar mempercayai dan kesuksesan dimulai dengan
mempercayai diri sendiri. Pandanglah setiap rintangan sebagai bagian pembayaran
menuju sukses Anda. Gunakan itu unutk memperkuat Anda bukan melemahkan Anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambillah
aku, latihlah aku, tegaslah terhadapku, maka aku akan meletakkan dunia di
kakimu. Kendorlah terhadapku, maka aku akan menghancurkanmu. Siapakah aku? Aku
adalah kebiasaan. Kebiasaan adalah hal-hal yang kita lakukan berulang-ulang.
Tetapi kebanyakan kita tidak sadar akan keiasaan kita. Mereka seperti berjalan
sendiri. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;">Lihat Juga :</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/04/problematika-remaja.html" target="_blank"><span lang="SV">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja (di era globalisai)</span></a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/problematika-remaja-islam-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Problematika Remaja Islam, Remaja, Pornografi dan Pornoaksi</a></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/psikologi-perkembangan-teori.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Teori Perkembangan Jiwa</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Intelegensi (Kecerdasan)</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/08/makalah-psikologi-pendidikan-pengaruh.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Trend Mode Terhadap Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/membangun-percaya-diri-pada-remaja.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Membangun Percaya Diri Pada Remaja</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/bimbingan-konseling.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Bimbingan Konseling</a></span></div>
<div style="color: #990000; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/04/pengaruh-guru-dalam-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Pendidikan : Pengaruh Guru Dalam Pendidikan</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://juraganmakalah.blogspot.com/2013/03/peranan-televisi-dalam-rekayasa-sosial.html" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;" target="_blank">Makalah Psikologi Perkembangan : Dampak TV Terhadap Remaja</a> <br />
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Turner Colin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Born To Succed,</i> PT Elex Media Komputindo
Kelompok Gramedia, Jakarta, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Covey Sean, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The 7 Habbits of Highly Effective Teens, </i>Binarupa
Aksara, Jakarta, 2001.</span></div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7539647778483048492.post-77056448007624991662014-04-15T02:36:00.000-07:002020-11-07T03:20:03.289-08:00Sejarah Uang Dalam Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Terimakasih Telah Mengunjungi Juragan Makalah</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">berikut ini adalah Makalah Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Degan Judul Bahasan <b><i><u>Sejarah Uang Dalam Islam</u></i></b>, yang membahas: <b><i>Sejarah Perkembangan Uang Pada Masa Rasulullah</i></b>, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b><i>Sejarah Perkembangan Uang Pada Masa Khulafaurrasyidin</i></b> dan <b><i>Sejarah Perkembangan Uang Pasca Khulafaurrasyidin</i></b>,</span></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
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Lahirnya
Islam sebagai sebuah peradaban dunia yang dibawa dan disebarkan Rasulullah
Muhammad SAW telah memberikan perubahan yang cukup signifikan terhadap
penggunaan emas sebagai mata uang (dinar) yang digunakan dalam aktivitas
ekonomi dan perdagangan. Pada masa Rasulullah, ditetapkan berat standar dinar
diukur dengan 22 karat emas, atau setara dengan 4,25 gram (diameter 23
milimeter). Standar ini kemudian dibakukan oleh World Islamic Trading
Organization (WITO), dan berlaku hingga sekarang.</div>
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Saat
ini, fakta menunjukkan bahwa ada ketidakseimbangan aktivitas perdagangan
internasional, yang terjadi akibat tidak berimbangnya penguasaan mata uang
dunia, dan ditandai semakin merajalelanya dolar AS. Kondisi tersebut kemudian
diperparah dengan kemunculan Euro sebagai mata uang bersama negara-negara
Eropa. Fakta pun menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara Islam memiliki ketergantungan
sangat tinggi terhadap kedua mata uang tersebut, terutama dolar AS. Bahkan,
dalam transaksi perdagangan international saat ini, dolar AS menguasai hampir
70 persen sebagai alat transaksi dunia (AZM Zahid, 2003).</div>
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Dengan
didirikannya World Trade Organization (WTO) pada 1 January 1995 sebagai
implementasi dari pelaksanaan General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan
putaran Uruguay, maka liberalisasi perdagangan menjadi konsekuensi yang tidak
dapat dielakkan. Tentu saja, semua negara harus siap terlibat dalam skenario
global ini, termasuk negara berkembang yang notabene mayoritas Muslim.
Pertanyaan besar yang kemudian harus dijawab adalah seberapa besar dampak dan
keuntungan yang akan diraih negara-negara Islam dalam pasar internasional.
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<br /></div>
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<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEJARAH MATA UANG ISLAM</b></u></div>
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<i><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u>Perkembangan Mata Uang Di Masa Rasulullah SAW</u></b></i></div>
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Pada masa pemerintahan nabi Muhammad SAW di Madinah, mata uang yang digunakan
adalah dinar dan dirham yang didapatkan dari kerajaan Roma dan Persia
melalui impor. Besarnya volume impor dinar dan dirham dan juga barang-barang
komoditas lainya bergantung kepada volume komoditas yang diekspor ke kedua
Negara tersebut dan ke wilayah-wilayah yang berada di bawah kekuasaannya.</div>
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Rasulullah
saw juga mengakui standar timbangan yang berlaku di kalangan kaum Quraisy dengan
menggunakan ukuran berat dinar dan dirham. Standar berat satu dinar saat itu
sama dengan satu mitsqal setara dengan 6000 habbah khardal (biji sawi). Pada
saat ini satu mitsqal adalah 4,25 gram emas. Sedangkan
standar berat satu dirham adalah 7/10 mitsqal atau 2, 975 gram. </div>
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Ketika
Rasulullah saw masih hidup, beliau tetap membiarkan bentuk, gambar dan cap mata
uang seperti yang dibuat negara asalnya. Hal itu terus berlanjut sampai pada
masa pemerintahan setelahnya. </div>
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<i><b> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u>Perkembangan Mata Uang Pada Masa Khulafatur Rasyidin</u></b></i></div>
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Pada masa ini tidak ada perubahan
yang kentara terhadap penggunaan mata uang yang ada, pada masa ini dirham
Romawi dan dinar Persia
masih digunakan sebagai mata uang utama dalam menjalani system perekonomiannya </div>
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Pada zaman khalifah umar dan utsman ra mata uang dicetak
mengikuti gaya dirham Persia dengan modifikasi tulisannya.
Sebelumnya, waktu awal pemerintahan khlaifah umar ra pernah timbul pemikiran
mencetak uang dari kulit, namun rencana itu dibatalkan karena tidak disetujui
para sahabat lainnya. Mata uang khilafah islam yang memiliki cirri khusus baru
dicetak pada masa pemerintahan imam Ali ra namun peredarannya terbatas karena
kondisi politik ketika itu.</div>
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<i><b>C. <u>P</u><u>erkembangan
Mata Uang Pasca Khulafatur Rasyidin</u></b></i></div>
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Mata uang dengan gaya Persia
juga dicetak pada zaman muawiyyah dengan mencantumkan grafik dan pedang.
Gubernur iraq
pada waktu muawiyah, ziyad mengeluarkan dirham dengan mencantumkan nama
khalifah. Ide pencantuman nama dan grafik dan nama kepala pemerintahan di mata
uang ini masih dipertahankan sampai sekarang.</div>
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Mata uang yang beredar saat itu belum berbentu bulat seperti
uang logam sekarang. Baru ada zaman ibnu Zubair dicetaklah mata uang yang
berbentuk bulat, dengan peredarannya terbatas pada daerah Hijaz. Sementara itu,
mus’ab (gubernur kuffah), mencetak uang dengan gaya
Persia
dan romawi. Pada tahun 72-74 H bishri bin Marwan mencetak uang yan disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atawiyya</i>. Sampai kini mata uang khilafah
beredar bersama dinar romawi, dirham Persia dan sedikit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">himyarite</i> yaman. Baru pada zaman abdul malik (76 H), pemerintah mendirikan percetakan
uang yang tersebar di beberapa daerah antara lain di Dara’bard, Suq Ahwaz, Sus
Jay, Manadar, Maysan, Ray dan Abarqubadh. Mata uang dicetak secara teroranisasi
dengan control pemerintah.</div>
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Nilai uang ditentukan berdasarkan beratnya. Mata uang
dinar –yang mengandung emas 22 karat- terdiri atas pecahan setengah dinar dan
sepertiga dinar. Pecahan lebih kecil didapat dengan memotong mata uang. Imam
ali ra misalnya, pernah membeli daging dengan memotong dua karat dari dinar.
Berbeda dengan dinar, mata uang dirham terdiri atas beberapa pecahan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nash </i>(20 dirham), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nawa</i> (5 dirham)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> sha’ira</i> (1/60 dirham).</div>
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<b>Nilai tukar dinar-dirham</b> relative stabil dalam jangka
waktu panjang dengan kurs 1 : 10. Pada saat itu, perbandingan emas-perak adalah
1:7, karena itu, satu dinar 20 karat setara dengan sepuluh dinar 14 karat.
Abdul Malik kemudian malakukan reformasi moneter dengan mengubah nilai dirham
menjadi 15 karat, sementara berat emas dikurangi dari 4,55 menjadi 4,25 gram.
Pada zaman ibnu Faqih (289 H) nilai dinar menguat menjadi 1:17. Namun, kemudian
stabil pada kurs 1 : 15</div>
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Setelah <b>reformasi moneter abdul malik</b>, <b>ukuran nilai uang ter</b>inci sebagai
berikut : <u>satu dinar 4,25 gram, satu dirham 3,98 gram, satu uqiyya 40 dirham,
satu mitsqol 22 karat, satu ritl (liter) 12 uqiyya setara 90 Mitsqal, satu qist
8 ritl setara setengah sa’ setara seperempat artaba, satu wasq 60 sa’, dan satu
jarib 4 qafiz.</u></div>
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Tahun 1263-1328 M <b>ibnu Taimiyah</b> yang hidup pada zaman
pemerintahan mamluk, mengalami situasi ketika beredar tiga jenis mata uang,
yaitu dinar (emas), dirham (perak) dan fulus (tembaga) dengan niali kandungan
logam mulia berbeda. Peredaran dinar sangat terbatas, dirham berfluktuasi,
bahkan kadang-kadang menghilang, sementara fulus beredar secara luas. Fenomena
ini dirumuskan oleh ibnu Taimiyah sebagai ”uang dengan kualitas rendah (fulus)
menedang ke luar uang berkualitas baik (dinar, dirham).</div>
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Banyaknya fulus yang beredar akibat meningkatnya kandungan tembaga dalam
mata uang dirham mengakibatkan system moneter pemerintah mamluk tidak stabil.
Itulah sebabnya, system moneter modern kemudian menggunakan uang kertas (paper
money), terutama setelah standar emas dihapuskan karena berulang-ulang
mengalami krisis.</div>
</div>
Juragan Makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13561665092179231875noreply@blogger.com0Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia-0.6349893 117.40864880000004-1.1430688 116.76320180000003 -0.12690979999999996 118.05409580000004